Cases / War and military activity · Sudan · 2013–2028
Sudan gum arabic belt: wartime production losses and EU and GCF funding
Nature's voice · report
No measurement of the harm done to me here is on record.
Did nature suffer? Not measured.
Not on record
- The record does not name which of my species, waters, soils or forests were harmed.
Sudan's annual gum arabic production fell from 150,000 tons to 60,000 tons because of the conflict, according to the UN Panel of Experts, which also reported traders' accounts of about 3,700 tons "looted" in Darfur in the first half of 2024 and attributed it to the RSF, allied militias and SLA/MM. The EU and the Green Climate Fund had committed money to the gum belt, including a USD 9,975,000 GCF grant.
150,000 → 60,000 tonsAnnual gum arabic production in Sudan, before and after the conflict (UN Panel of Experts)
S/2025/239, submitted 23 December 2024 and published 17 April 2025; the Panel wrote that Sudanese gum makes up "nearly 80 per cent of the global gum Arabic market".
S/2025/239, submitted 23 December 2024 and published 17 April 2025; the Panel wrote that Sudanese gum makes up "nearly 80 per cent of the global gum Arabic market".
Status As of 17 April 2025 (latest dated report on production and looting): the UN Panel of Experts reported production at 60,000 tons a year; the GCF project is listed with estimated completion on 25 November 2028.
What?
Sudan's gum arabic production fell from 150,000 tons to 60,000 tons a year because of the conflict, according to the UN Panel of Experts, which also reported looting in Darfur; EU and GCF funding for the gum belt had been committed in 2020–2021. UN Security Council
Where?
The gum arabic belt (Acacia senegal, Hashab), mainly Kordofan, Darfur, Blue Nile, Sennar and Gedaref, Sudan; GAMS covers the Kordofan states; looting reported in Zalingei, Al Mujald and El Geneina. UN Security Council
When?
EU and GCF funding from 2020–2021; production decline and looting reported for 2024; GAMS estimated completion 25 November 2028. Green Climate Fund
Who?
Gained
- Both conflict parties — CEOBS wrote that gum arabic "has become a funding source for both conflict parties" Conflict and Environment Observatory (CEOBS)
- Forests National Corporation — Implementer of the EU and AFD programme and, with the FAO, of GAMS EEAS Delegation to Sudan
Lost
- Gum arabic producers and traders — An estimated revenue loss of nearly USD 198 million a year at a low price of USD 2,200 per quintal (UN Panel of Experts) UN Security Council
Harmed
None on recordWhy?
The UN Panel of Experts attributed the production decline to the conflict and the looting to the RSF, allied militias and SLA/MM; it reported that RSF commanders in Nyala acknowledged widespread looting. UN Security Council
How?
Gum arabic was reported looted from Darfur towns, and the Panel wrote that the looting was condoned by commanders as compensation; the EU said its project continued during the war. UN Security Council
6 of 6 questions answered from the record
What happened
The record, in order.
The French Development Agency (AFD) funded a gum arabic pilot in North Kordofan in 2013, according to the EEAS Delegation to Sudan. Radio Dabanga reported on 6 January 2021 a EUR 10 million EU grant through AFD to the Forests National Corporation for a second phase in 2021–2024 covering North Kordofan, Blue Nile, Sennar and El Gedaref. An EU and AFD press release of 21 June 2021 said the programme, implemented by the Forests National Corporation, aimed at "strengthening the resilience of the gum Arabic belt" and "ecosystem restoration and rehabilitation"; it gave no amount.
The Green Climate Fund (GCF) approved the "Gums for Adaptation and Mitigation in Sudan" (GAMS) project on 13 November 2020. Its page lists a GCF grant of USD 9,975,000 within a total project value of USD 10.0 million, with the FAO as accredited entity working with the Forests National Corporation and the Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources. The funded activity agreement became effective on 25 November 2021 and estimated completion is 25 November 2028. The page lists USD 1,972,090 disbursed on 15 December 2021 (20%) and targets of 9.23 million tCO2e reduced from land use, 1.58 million beneficiaries, 500 gum arabic producer associations and 275,000 ha of rangeland restored.
The UN Panel of Experts wrote in S/2025/239: "Annual production in the Sudan declined from 150,000 tons to 60,000 tons due to the conflict." It wrote that local traders from East Darfur and Nyala "confirmed that around 3,700 tons, with an average value of $14,578,000, had been looted from January to June 2024", and that looting took place in Zalingei, Al Mujald and El Geneina "by RSF and allied militias and SLA/MM". It added: "RSF commanders in Nyala acknowledged widespread looting by both commanders and soldiers", and that the looting "was condoned by commanders as it was seen as compensation".
Using a loss of about 90,000 tons a year and a low price of USD 2,200 per quintal, the Panel gave an estimated revenue loss of "nearly $198 million per annum". It reported that the price per quintal of Hashab gum rose from SDG 75,000 (USD 124.69) to SDG 400,000 (USD 665.00) in production areas, and internationally from USD 2,200 to USD 4,000. CEOBS wrote that gum arabic "has become a funding source for both conflict parties" and that about six million people, 15% of the population, depend on it; it gave the global gum arabic market as USD 526 million in 2024.
On 26 September 2024 the EU said, according to Radio Tamazuj, that the project continued during the war, with impact "visible through the capacity generated in the participants", and called gum arabic "one of the few Sudanese exports that has been sustained throughout the devastating conflict". An EEAS page of 18 February 2025, "Sustaining Sudan's golden sap", gave no amount, implementing agencies or duration.
- 2013AFD-funded gum arabic pilot in North Kordofan
- 202013 Nov: the GCF approves the GAMS project
- 20216 Jan: EUR 10 million EU grant reported; 21 Jun: EU and AFD press release; 25 Nov: GAMS agreement becomes effective; 15 Dec: USD 1,972,090 disbursed
- 2024Jan–Jun: traders tell the UN Panel of Experts that about 3,700 tons were looted in Darfur; 26 Sep: the EU says the project continues during the war
- 202518 Feb: EEAS page "Sustaining Sudan's golden sap"; 17 Apr: Panel report S/2025/239 published
- 202825 Nov: estimated completion of the GAMS project
What was said
Claims, in the words of those who made them.
“Annual production in the Sudan declined from 150,000 tons to 60,000 tons due to the conflict.”
“confirmed that around 3,700 tons, with an average value of $14,578,000, had been looted from January to June 2024”
“RSF commanders in Nyala acknowledged widespread looting by both commanders and soldiers.”
“was condoned by commanders as it was seen as compensation”
“has become a funding source for both conflict parties”
“visible through the capacity generated in the participants”
“one of the few Sudanese exports that has been sustained throughout the devastating conflict”
“strengthening the resilience of the gum Arabic belt”
How it looked
What was shown, beside what was recorded.
Shown
- The project continues during the war and gum arabic is one of the few Sudanese exports sustained throughout the conflict.EU, 26 September 2024, via Radio Tamazuj · Radio Tamazuj
- RSF and allied militias and SLA/MM looted gum arabic in Zalingei, Al Mujald and El Geneina.UN Panel of Experts, S/2025/239 · UN Security Council
Recorded
- GCF grant for GAMS of USD 9,975,000 (total project value USD 10.0 million); USD 1,972,090 disbursed on 15 December 2021 (20%).
- GAMS targets: 9.23 million tCO2e reduced from land use, 1.58 million beneficiaries, 500 gum arabic producer associations and 275,000 ha of rangeland restored.
- EUR 10 million EU grant through AFD to the Forests National Corporation for the gum arabic sector, second phase 2021–2024 (Radio Dabanga).
- The UN Panel of Experts gave an estimated revenue loss of "nearly $198 million per annum" using a low price of USD 2,200 per quintal and a loss of about 90,000 tons a year.
- Price per quintal of Hashab gum rose from SDG 75,000 (USD 124.69) to SDG 400,000 (USD 665.00) in production areas, and internationally from USD 2,200 to USD 4,000 (UN Panel of Experts).
Who gained
Money that reached nature, beside money that stayed elsewhere.
Reached nature or the ground
Not published
GCF grant for the Gums for Adaptation and Mitigation in Sudan project (GAMS)$9.97m
Window: 2021–2028
GAMS amount disbursed on 15 December 2021 (20%)$1.97m
Window: 2021
EU grant through AFD for the gum arabic sector, second phase (amount in euro)$10m
Window: 2021–2024
Amount stated in euro: EUR 10 million (Radio Dabanga).
Gained elsewhere
Not totalled
Estimated annual revenue loss at a low price of USD 2,200 per quintal (UN Panel of Experts) estimate$198m
Window: per year
Average value of gum arabic reported looted in Darfur, January–June 2024 (traders to the UN Panel of Experts)$15m
Window: 2024
Global gum arabic market (CEOBS)$526m
Window: 2024
Currency: USD · Window: Mixed — see each line. Figures cover different periods and are not compared as a ratio. * Estimate built from cited figures.
Responses on record
- European Union (2024-09-26): Said on 26 September 2024 that the project continued during the war, with impact "visible through the capacity generated in the participants". · Radio Tamazuj
- Rapid Support Forces (RSF) (2025-04-17): According to the UN Panel of Experts, RSF commanders in Nyala acknowledged widespread looting by both commanders and soldiers, and the Panel reported that it was condoned by commanders as compensation. · UN Security Council
In court and with insurers
Every proceeding and every insurer decision on record.
Lawsuits and rulings
No court case on record. No court has ruled on this case.
Insurers
No insurer decision on record.
What nature saw
Outcomes measured on the ground, and nature's note.
Nature's report opens this page. Below: further outcomes measured on the ground.
Annual gum arabic production
150,000 → 60,000 tons
UN Panel of Experts, "due to the conflict"
Gum arabic reported looted in Darfur, January–June 2024
About 3,700 tons
Traders' accounts to the UN Panel of Experts; average value USD 14,578,000
GCF GAMS target: rangeland restored
275,000 ha
Target stated on the GCF page; USD 1,972,090 of USD 9,975,000 disbursed by 15 December 2021
What we don't know
Undisclosed, unproven, untried: recorded as data.
Nature
- Not measured Harm to nature: No independent ecological evaluation is on record.
Court
- None on record No court case on record.
Record
- Not disclosed Not disclosed: the GCF page lists one disbursement (15 December 2021, 20%) and no later disbursement.
- Not disclosed Not disclosed: the EEAS page of 18 February 2025 gives no amount, implementing agencies or duration.
- Not disclosed Not disclosed: how much of the EUR 10 million EU grant was spent before or after April 2023.
- None on record None on record: measured loss of acacia tree cover in the gum belt during the war; GAMS carbon results or credits issued (the GCF page states targets, not results).
- None on record None on record: legal proceedings; insurance.
Did the harm stop?
None on record. The UN Panel of Experts reported looting from January to June 2024 and production of 60,000 tons a year.
Who paid?
None on record.
Sources
Voices on record: — Company or project✓ Government and regulators— Courts✓ Press and investigations✓ Communities and civil society— Researchers✓ International bodies
Government and regulators
- EU and AFD support Sudan to foster and improve the Gum Arabic industryEEAS Delegation to Sudan · 2021-06-21
- Sustaining Sudan's golden sap EU/AFDEEAS Delegation to Sudan · 2025-02-18
Press and investigations
- European grant to restructure Sudan's gum Arabic sectorRadio Dabanga · 2021-01-06
- EU supports the continuation of the production of gum Arabic in SudanRadio Tamazuj · 2024-09-26
Communities and civil society
- The environmental costs of the war in SudanConflict and Environment Observatory (CEOBS) · 2025-05-21
International bodies
- Final report of the Panel of Experts on the Sudan, S/2025/239UN Security Council · 2025-04-17
- SAP019: Gums for Adaptation and Mitigation in Sudan (GAMS), accessed 19 October 2026Green Climate Fund · 2026-10-19
Connected cases
Related matters, and cases linked to this one through the same organisations, with the role each played in both.
- Gezira irrigation scheme: wartime losses in Al Gezira State Sudan · 2023–2026 Related matter
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (International organisation) — here: Accredited entity for GAMS; there: Source of the wheat production figure
- Rapid Support Forces (RSF) (Government) — here: Named by the Panel as responsible for looting with allied militias; there: Party to the war; described by the EUAA, as cited by Al Jazeera, as diverting canals and flooding fields
- Conflict and Environment Observatory (CEOBS) (NGO) — here: Analysis of gum arabic as a funding source for both parties; there: Satellite analysis of land and vegetation loss
- Sudan gold: mercury and cyanide in mining, and the wartime gold trade Sudan · 2008–2026 Related matter
- UN Panel of Experts on the Sudan (International organisation) — here: Reports production decline and looting; there: Reports on gold trade
- Rapid Support Forces (RSF) (Government) — here: Named by the Panel as responsible for looting with allied militias; there: Party to the war; designated gold-linked companies are described by the US Treasury as RSF-affiliated
- Conflict and Environment Observatory (CEOBS) (NGO) — here: Analysis of gum arabic as a funding source for both parties; there: Environmental analysis of the war
- Al-Jaili refinery fires and wartime damage in Khartoum, 2023–2025 Sudan · 2023–2025 Related matter
- Rapid Support Forces (RSF) (Government) — here: Named by the Panel as responsible for looting with allied militias; there: Party to the war; controlled the site from April 2023 per Radio Dabanga; attributes the destruction to SAF aircraft
- Conflict and Environment Observatory (CEOBS) (NGO) — here: Analysis of gum arabic as a funding source for both parties; there: Satellite and incident analysis
- Banc d'Arguin National Park, the BACoMaB trust fund and fishing pressure Mauritania · 2002–2025
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Funder of the gum arabic programme; there: Fisheries-agreement sectoral support, including EUR 1 million a year for the PNBA in 2008–2012
- French Development Agency (Public authority) — here: Implementing partner of the EU grant; there: Funder (EUR 18 million committed since 2013); commissioned the 2021 evaluation
- Burkina Faso Forest Investment Program project: 3.78 million tCO2eq in emission reductions estimated with an ex-ante tool Burkina Faso · 2014–2021
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Funder of the gum arabic programme; there: EU Trust Fund grant of EUR 7.30 million, amended to EUR 6.5 million
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (International organisation) — here: Accredited entity for GAMS; there: Source of the Ex-Ante Carbon-balance Tool used for the estimate
- Destruction of the Kakhovka dam and drainage of the Kakhovka reservoir (June 2023) Ukraine · 2023–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Funder of the gum arabic programme; there: Co-author of RDNA3 and RDNA4; statement at the OSCE
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (International organisation) — here: Accredited entity for GAMS; there: Counted flooded forest
- Great Green Wall: USD 19bn tracked, USD 2.5bn disbursed by March 2023, and a restored area reported at between 1.66 and almost 18 million hectares Sahel (11 countries) · 2007–2026
- French Development Agency (Public authority) — here: Implementing partner of the EU grant; there: Donor; EUR 704 million GGW-eligible 2020-2025
- Green Climate Fund (International organisation) — here: Funder of GAMS; there: Approved USD 150 million of the AfDB's Desert-to-Power programme
- Mauritania fishmeal industry, sardinella stocks and foreign fishing agreements Mauritania · 2008–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Funder of the gum arabic programme; there: Party to the Sustainable Fisheries Partnership Agreement and protocol
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (International organisation) — here: Accredited entity for GAMS; there: FAO/CECAF working group assessing small pelagic stocks
- Munition residues and war damage in Ukrainian soils: measurements and state damage assessments Ukraine · 2022–2026
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (International organisation) — here: Accredited entity for GAMS; there: Satellite and soil analysis of damaged arable land
- Conflict and Environment Observatory (CEOBS) (NGO) — here: Analysis of gum arabic as a funding source for both parties; there: Hosted the April 2024 joint statement on mine action and food security
- Ukraine's mine contamination, the farmland demining programme and mine-action money Ukraine · 2022–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Funder of the gum arabic programme; there: Mobilised over EUR 360 million for demining since 2022 (EEAS)
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (International organisation) — here: Accredited entity for GAMS; there: Satellite analysis of war-affected farmland
- Venezuela tree cover loss, 2001–2024, and international forest finance Venezuela · 2001–2024
- Green Climate Fund (International organisation) — here: Funder of GAMS; there: Approved USD 3.6 million of readiness support
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (International organisation) — here: Accredited entity for GAMS; there: Agency for GEF projects 5410, 10678 and 11115 and GCF readiness
- African Parks Odzala-Kokoua abuses (Republic of Congo) Republic of Congo · 2010–2025
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Funder of the gum arabic programme; there: Funder (€6m for 2018–2023; 46% of the park budget in 2020)
- AGRA (Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa) Africa (13 focus countries) · 2006
- Green Climate Fund (International organisation) — here: Funder of GAMS; there: Approved AGRA-run project FP257
- Altyn Asyr (Golden Age) Turkmen Lake: a drainage-water reservoir in the Karakum Turkmenistan · 2000–2019
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (International organisation) — here: Accredited entity for GAMS; there: AQUASTAT country profile with design figures and experts' warnings
- Ammonia release at Sumykhimprom (Sumy) and nitric-acid explosions at Rubizhne, 2022 Ukraine · 2022–2024
- Conflict and Environment Observatory (CEOBS) (NGO) — here: Analysis of gum arabic as a funding source for both parties; there: Recorded the Rubizhne explosions and plumes
- Azovstal, Mariupol and the Sea of Azov, 2022– Ukraine · 2022–2023
- Conflict and Environment Observatory (CEOBS) (NGO) — here: Analysis of gum arabic as a funding source for both parties; there: Satellite damage assessment and pre-war pollution summary
- Bhutan constitutional forest rule and Bhutan for Life Bhutan · 2008
- Green Climate Fund (International organisation) — here: Funder of GAMS; there: Funder of Bhutan for Life (US$26.6 million)
- Black Sea dolphin and porpoise deaths since 2022 Ukraine · 2022–2026
- Conflict and Environment Observatory (CEOBS) (NGO) — here: Analysis of gum arabic as a funding source for both parties; there: Published 2022 mortality summary; states post-mortem results not public
- Desalination plants hit in the 2026 war: Qeshm Island and Bahrain Iran · 2026
- Conflict and Environment Observatory (CEOBS) (NGO) — here: Analysis of gum arabic as a funding source for both parties; there: Described the environmental risks of damage to desalination plants
- EU bans offset-based neutrality claims from 27 September 2026 European Union · 2024–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Funder of the gum arabic programme; there: adopted the directive
- EU court rejects Austria's challenge to green label for gas and nuclear European Union · 2022–2025
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Funder of the gum arabic programme; there: set the taxonomy rules
- EU Deforestation Regulation delays and trade pressure European Union · 2022
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Funder of the gum arabic programme; there: Regulator
- EU mirror measure on antimicrobials and Brazil beef exclusion Brazil · 2019–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Funder of the gum arabic programme; there: Regulator that adopted the measure and decided the list
- EU narrows supply-chain law and delays deforestation rule twice European Union · 2024–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Funder of the gum arabic programme; there: Adopted the narrowed directive and postponed the EUDR
- EU seal-product ban's Inuit exemption found ineffective Canada · 2014
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Funder of the gum arabic programme; there: Seal-product ban with an Inuit exemption
- FAO data show Philippine old-growth forest was 3.3% of land by 1998 Philippines · 1989–1998
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (International organisation) — here: Accredited entity for GAMS; there: source of the forest and trade figures
- FSC suspension of Russia and Belarus and birch plywood sanctions cases in the EU Russia · 2022–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Funder of the gum arabic programme; there: Council Regulation (EU) 2022/576 wood import ban
- Fuel-depot fires at Kalynivka, Kriachky and Lutsk, 2022 Ukraine · 2022
- Conflict and Environment Observatory (CEOBS) (NGO) — here: Analysis of gum arabic as a funding source for both parties; there: Measurement summaries for Kalynivka and Lutsk
- Garagum Canal and Amu Darya: conveyance losses, salinisation and the money around them Turkmenistan · 1954–2026
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (International organisation) — here: Accredited entity for GAMS; there: AQUASTAT profile with loss, salinity and cost figures
- Great Man-Made River Project (Libya) and the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer Libya · 1983–2019
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (International organisation) — here: Accredited entity for GAMS; there: Irrigation and withdrawal data
- Gulf War compensation (UNCC) and Kuwait oil-damage remediation Kuwait · 1991–2025
- Conflict and Environment Observatory (CEOBS) (NGO) — here: Analysis of gum arabic as a funding source for both parties; there: Research NGO reporting the environmental claims figures
- Hamoun wetlands, Helmand water and the EU/UNDP restoration project Iran · 1973–2025
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Funder of the gum arabic programme; there: Funder of the €10 million restoration project
- Ili River and Lake Balkhash: inflow from China, Kapshagay releases and a French-funded master plan Kazakhstan · 2024–2026
- French Development Agency (Public authority) — here: Implementing partner of the EU grant; there: Funds the Balkhash master plan with a EUR 1.35 mln grant
- Jadar lithium project Serbia · 2022–2025
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Funder of the gum arabic programme; there: Defendant in the strategic-status case (European Commission)
- Kenya's two official figures: 8.83% forest cover and 12.13% tree cover Kenya · 2001–2026
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (International organisation) — here: Accredited entity for GAMS; there: global forest definition and assessment
- Kenyan forest guards shoot dead Sengwer herder Robert Kirotich during evictions Kenya · 2018–2024
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Funder of the gum arabic programme; there: donor; suspended support for the WaTER programme
- Kenyan water-tower forest evictions followed the 2018 shooting of a Sengwer herder Kenya · 2016–2024
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Funder of the gum arabic programme; there: funder of the WaTER programme
- Lake Chad: the 90% shrinkage figure, the Transaqua water-transfer plan and a proposed USD 50bn Lake Chad Fund Chad · 1960–2021
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (International organisation) — here: Accredited entity for GAMS; there: Reported the 90% shrinkage in 2009
- Makeshift oil refineries in northeast Syria linked to poisoned streams Syria · 2020
- Conflict and Environment Observatory (CEOBS) (NGO) — here: Analysis of gum arabic as a funding source for both parties; there: Published the report on the refineries
- Merowe Dam: financing, displacement and environmental assessments Sudan · 2002–2025
- Rapid Support Forces (RSF) (Government) — here: Named by the Panel as responsible for looting with allied militias; there: Named by CEOBS as attacking a transformer station at the dam in January 2025
- Messok Dja ecoguard abuses (Republic of Congo) Republic of Congo · 2008–2020
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Funder of the gum arabic programme; there: Funder; suspended about €1 million in 2020
- Methane super-emitters in Turkmenistan's oil and gas fields Turkmenistan · 2017–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Funder of the gum arabic programme; there: Methane import rules apply to gas contracts from 2027
- Mongolia index livestock insurance Mongolia · 2024
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (International organisation) — here: Accredited entity for GAMS; there: Source of the GIEWS dzud update
- Mongolia's dzud winters and degraded pasture: emergency funding for herders Mongolia · 2010–2024
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (International organisation) — here: Accredited entity for GAMS; there: CERF recipient agency
- Morocco says it cut cadmium in phosphate fertilisers; EU cannot verify the claim Morocco · 2025
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Funder of the gum arabic programme; there: acknowledges it cannot verify Morocco's claim
- Nonylphenol ethoxylates: Swiss ban and EU restriction Switzerland · 1984–2014
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Funder of the gum arabic programme; there: Adopted Directive 2003/53/EC
- Olkaria geothermal projects (Kenya) Kenya · 2013–2017
- French Development Agency (Public authority) — here: Implementing partner of the EU grant; there: Financier
- Plastic waste imports into Türkiye (Adana) Türkiye · 2016–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Funder of the gum arabic programme; there: Assessed Türkiye under Article 45(5) of the Waste Shipment Regulation
- Posidonia oceanica meadows (Balearics, Mediterranean) Spain · 2018–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Funder of the gum arabic programme; there: Habitats Directive: Posidonia beds are a priority habitat
- Prestige Spain · 2002–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Funder of the gum arabic programme; there: Provided more than €275m in aid
- Register of Damage for Ukraine, the Claims Commission convention and the money meant to pay claims Ukraine · 2024–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Funder of the gum arabic programme; there: Delivered windfall revenues; EUR 90 billion loan
- Sengwer evictions from Embobut forest and the EU Water Towers programme (Kenya) Kenya · 2014–2024
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Funder of the gum arabic programme; there: Funder of the WaTER programme
- South Sudan oil fields: pollution in Unity and Upper Nile South Sudan · 1999–2025
- Conflict and Environment Observatory (CEOBS) (NGO) — here: Analysis of gum arabic as a funding source for both parties; there: Analysis of the Sudd and oil-field dumping
- Strikes on Iranian nuclear sites, 2025 and 2026: IAEA statements on contamination and the Bushehr reactor Iran · 2025–2026
- Conflict and Environment Observatory (CEOBS) (NGO) — here: Analysis of gum arabic as a funding source for both parties; there: Summarised IAEA statements and reported on strikes near Bushehr
- Strikes on Iranian oil and gas facilities, June 2025 and March 2026, and damage at Qatar's Ras Laffan Iran · 2025–2026
- Conflict and Environment Observatory (CEOBS) (NGO) — here: Analysis of gum arabic as a funding source for both parties; there: Published the June 2025 overview
- Strikes on Tehran fuel depots, March 2026: smoke, black rain and Iran's "ecocide" claim Iran · 2025–2026
- Conflict and Environment Observatory (CEOBS) (NGO) — here: Analysis of gum arabic as a funding source for both parties; there: Published risk summaries and imagery analysis
- Termit and Tin Toumma National Nature Reserve: 2019 boundary change around CNPC oil blocks Niger · 2012–2023
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Funder of the gum arabic programme; there: Funds reserve management (PAPBIO programme)
- Trade rules curb green industrial policy; WTO rules against Indonesia nickel ban Global · 2013–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Funder of the gum arabic programme; there: Complainant in the Indonesia nickel case; respondent in the palm oil and CBAM disputes
- Ukraine's ban on raw-log exports and the EU–Ukraine Association Agreement arbitration, 2015–2026 Ukraine · 2015–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Funder of the gum arabic programme; there: Complainant in the arbitration
- Uzbek cotton boycott ends forced labour Uzbekistan · 2017–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Funder of the gum arabic programme; there: Trade partner (trade preference)
- Vietnam's forest recovery and logging displaced abroad Vietnam · 1987–2006
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (International organisation) — here: Accredited entity for GAMS; there: Author of the 2001 review of logging bans
- Wadi El Ku catchment project, North Darfur Sudan · 2013–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Funder of the gum arabic programme; there: Funder, EUR 6.45 million for phase 1
- World Bank and development bank accountability mechanisms: Embobut (Sengwer), Tata Mundra, Arun III, Jale, Cambodia Kenya · 2007–2024
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Funder of the gum arabic programme; there: Funder of the WaTER programme
- WTO panel backs EU on palm biofuel rules in Malaysia case Global · 2025
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Funder of the gum arabic programme; there: Respondent; set the renewable-status rules
- WTO panel found Indonesia's raw nickel export ban breached rules Indonesia · 2020–2022
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Funder of the gum arabic programme; there: Brought the complaint at the WTO