EU-funded Programa Cuenca Poopó, Bolivia, 2010–2015: EUR 14.21 million planned for the Poopó basin
- 14.21 million euros were budgeted in my name. No one has measured what reached me. Programa de Gestión Sostenible de los Recursos Naturales de la Cuenca del Lago Poopó
- In December 2015 I was reported dry. NASA Earth Observatory
- Communities and civil society Luis Aguilar, former prefect of Oruro, and Severo Choque, former director of the departmental agricultural and livestock service (2015): The money was dispersed in "proyectos sin sentido" and work specific to the lake was not prioritised adequately. El Mostrador / BBC Mundo
- International bodies Programme systematisation (2015): Reported more than 180 projects or actions and 94 conservation projects; stated that the water-recovery target was not feasible in the period and that mining compliance is a central gap. Programa de Gestión Sostenible de los Recursos Naturales de la Cuenca del Lago Poopó
The Programa de Gestión Sostenible de los Recursos Naturales de la Cuenca del Lago Poopó, financed by the European Union with Bolivian counterpart funds, planned EUR 14,210,000 over 60 months from April 2010 and reports EUR 11,606,900.94 executed by April 2015. The programme's own systematisation states that its water-recovery target was not feasible within the programme period; Lake Poopó was reported dry in December 2015.
Programme systematisation (2015): EUR 10,935,000 from the EU and EUR 3,275,000 counterpart; EUR 11,606,900.94 executed by April 2015.
Status As of April 2015: EUR 11,606,900.94 of EUR 14,210,000 executed; programme extended to December 2015; no independent evaluation found.
- Communities and municipalities in the seven programme municipalities — Drinking water in 10 communities (about 6,500 people), sewerage in three municipalities, irrigation or micro-irrigation in 10 communities and other projects reported by the programme Programa de Gestión Sostenible de los Recursos Naturales de la Cuenca del Lago Poopó
- Lake Poopó — Reported dry in December 2015; the programme document states the water-recovery target was not feasible in its period Programa de Gestión Sostenible de los Recursos Naturales de la Cuenca del Lago Poopó
What happened
The financing agreement for the Programa de Gestión Sostenible de los Recursos Naturales de la Cuenca del Lago Poopó (Convenio DCI-ALA/2009/021-614) was signed on 12 April 2010 for 60 months; the European Union later extended it to December 2015. OCMAL, the Latin American mining-conflicts observatory, reported on 3 July 2011 a budget of EUR 14 million, of which the EU provided EUR 10 million and the Bolivian state EUR 3 million; seven municipalities (Huanuni, Machacamarca, Pazña, Poopó, El Choro, Antequera and Oruro) submitted 76 projects for an execution phase of 58 million bolivianos, and the first phase reached 44% of its objectives. BBC Mundo reported in December 2015 that the agreement was for about US$15 million. The programme's stated aim was "un manejo sostenible de los recursos naturales de la Cuenca Poopó".
A systematisation prepared in 2015 by GERENSSA S.R.L. for the programme records the budget as of April 2015: the EU planned EUR 10,935,000 and executed EUR 9,031,578.88 (83%); the counterpart planned EUR 3,275,000 and executed EUR 2,575,322.06 (79%); the total planned EUR 14,210,000 and executed EUR 11,606,900.94 (82%). It lists four components (basin policies and strategies; ecosystem conservation; poverty and migration reduction; local institutions) and reports more than 180 projects or actions benefiting over 85,000 people directly and indirectly, a Plan Director of the Poopó basin formulated by the GITEC–COBODES consortium between February 2013 and October 2014, 94 conservation projects, drinking water in 10 communities in four municipalities (about 6,500 people), sewerage in three municipalities, irrigation or micro-irrigation in 10 communities and the financing of three pilot tailings dams (Japo–Huanuni, Bella Vista–Poopó and Alantaña–Poopó). The document records early administrative difficulties that left the programme without staff for about four months, and that about 90% of submitted projects needed technical adjustments.
On outcomes for water, the same document records monitoring at 33 surface-water points and 70 spring or river points and reports no measured trend in the excerpt reviewed. Its effect indicator was that by the end of the project all water sources would show chemical and biochemical recovery levels "próximos, iguales o superiores a las normas internacionales"; the document states that "no era factible alcanzar una meta de este tipo" because recovery required long-term intervention. Its survey of perceptions found 40% reporting no change in quality of life, 27% some improvement and 18% a decline. The document names mining sector compliance with environmental law as a central gap, without which mitigation projects alone are unlikely to have lasting impact, and calls implementing the Plan Director one of the main future challenges because basin-level pollution exceeds the capacity of departmental and municipal governments alone.
Critics described the programme's use of money differently. BBC Mundo quoted Luis Aguilar, a former prefect of Oruro, saying the money was dispersed in "proyectos sin sentido", and Severo Choque, a former director of the departmental agricultural and livestock service, saying work on the lake itself was not prioritised adequately. The lake was reported dry in December 2015, the month the programme's extended period ended; the sources reviewed do not state what share of the programme's projects concerned the lake itself, and no independent evaluation of the programme's effect on the lake or on basin water quality is on record.
- 2010Financing agreement signed (12 April) for 60 months; BBC Mundo reports about US$15 million
- 2011Execution phase announced (28 June): 76 projects, 58 million bolivianos; first phase at 44% of objectives
- 2013Plan Director formulation by the GITEC–COBODES consortium begins (February)
- 2014Plan Director formulation ends (October)
- 2015Budget status at April 2015: EUR 11,606,900.94 of EUR 14,210,000 executed; EU extends the programme to December; Lake Poopó reported dry in December
What was said
“un manejo sostenible de los recursos naturales de la Cuenca Poopó”
“proyectos sin sentido”
“no era factible alcanzar una meta de este tipo”
Where accounts differ
Each party's account, side by side, with its source. The record does not settle these points; it shows them.
EUR 14 million in total, EUR 10 million from the EU and EUR 3 million from Bolivia.
OCMAL (Observatorio de Conflictos Mineros de América Latina)EUR 14,210,000 planned: EUR 10,935,000 EU and EUR 3,275,000 counterpart.
Programa de Gestión Sostenible de los Recursos Naturales de la Cuenca del Lago PoopóThe money was dispersed in "proyectos sin sentido" and work specific to the lake was not prioritised adequately.
El Mostrador / BBC MundoReported more than 180 projects or actions and 94 conservation projects; stated that the water-recovery target was not feasible in the period and that mining compliance is a central gap.
Programa de Gestión Sostenible de los Recursos Naturales de la Cuenca del Lago PoopóHow it looked
Shown
- The programme described as aiming at sustainable management of the basin's natural resources to reduce poverty and improve quality of life.Programa Cuenca Poopó, as reported by OCMAL · OCMAL (Observatorio de Conflictos Mineros de América Latina)
- More than 180 projects or actions benefiting over 85,000 people (direct and indirect) reported as results.Programme systematisation by GERENSSA S.R.L. · Programa de Gestión Sostenible de los Recursos Naturales de la Cuenca del Lago Poopó
Recorded
- As of April 2015 EUR 11,606,900.94 of EUR 14,210,000 had been executed (82%).
- The programme financed three pilot tailings dams; the document says their design allows no expansion because of their small sites and lists long-term sustainability as a future task.
- The document states that reaching the water-recovery indicator was not feasible within the programme period; its water monitoring is described as a diagnosis, with no measured trend in the excerpt reviewed.
- Lake Poopó was reported dry in December 2015 (NASA, ESA via EFE, Bolivian officials).
In nature's name
Promised
- “un manejo sostenible de los recursos naturales de la Cuenca Poopó” — Programa Cuenca Poopó, objective as reported by OCMAL (3 July 2011) OCMAL (Observatorio de Conflictos Mineros de América Latina)
Money moved in nature's name
| What | Kind | Amount | Period |
|---|---|---|---|
| European Union contribution, planned (planned as of April 2015; OCMAL (2011) gives EUR 10 million) European Union Programa de Gestión Sostenible de los Recursos Naturales de la Cuenca del Lago Poopó | Budget | €11m | 2010–2015 |
| Bolivian counterpart funds, planned (planned as of April 2015; OCMAL (2011) gives EUR 3 million) Plurinational State of Bolivia Programa de Gestión Sostenible de los Recursos Naturales de la Cuenca del Lago Poopó | Budget | €3.27m | 2010–2015 |
| Programme total, planned (EU and counterpart) (OCMAL (2011) gives EUR 14 million; BBC Mundo (2015) gives about US$15 million) European Union and Plurinational State of Bolivia Programa de Gestión Sostenible de los Recursos Naturales de la Cuenca del Lago Poopó | Budget | €14m | 2010–2015 |
| European Union funds executed (83% of planned, as of April 2015) European Union Programa de Gestión Sostenible de los Recursos Naturales de la Cuenca del Lago Poopó | Spent | €9.03m | to April 2015 |
| Bolivian counterpart funds executed (79% of planned, as of April 2015) Plurinational State of Bolivia Programa de Gestión Sostenible de los Recursos Naturales de la Cuenca del Lago Poopó | Spent | €2.58m | to April 2015 |
| Programme total executed (82% of planned, as of April 2015) European Union and Plurinational State of Bolivia Programa de Gestión Sostenible de los Recursos Naturales de la Cuenca del Lago Poopó | Spent | €12m | to April 2015 |
| Execution phase for the 76 municipal projects submitted (58 million bolivianos, as reported by OCMAL in 2011) Programa Cuenca Poopó OCMAL (Observatorio de Conflictos Mineros de América Latina) | Budget | 58m BOB | 2011 |
Benefit to nature: what was measured
No independent measurement of the programme's effect on Lake Poopó or on basin water quality is on record. The programme's own systematisation reports a diagnosis from monitoring at 103 points and no measured trend in the excerpt reviewed, and states that its water-recovery indicator was not feasible within the period; these are the programme's own statements, not an independent measurement. The lake was reported dry in December 2015.
Operation Ended · Planned for 60 months from 12 April 2010; extended by the EU to December 2015. Programa de Gestión Sostenible de los Recursos Naturales de la Cuenca del Lago Poopó
Findings on record
- Own admission Programa Cuenca Poopó, systematisation prepared by GERENSSA S.R.L. (2015) · Sistematización de la intervención del Programa Cuenca Poopó, section 4 (Resultados de desarrollo), p. 77: “no era factible alcanzar una meta de este tipo” original in Spanish Programa de Gestión Sostenible de los Recursos Naturales de la Cuenca del Lago Poopó
Who gained
Reached nature or the ground
Gained elsewhere
Responses on record
- Programa Cuenca Poopó (systematisation by GERENSSA S.R.L.) (2015): Reported more than 180 projects or actions, a Plan Director and three pilot tailings dams; stated that the water-recovery indicator was not feasible within the programme period; named mining sector compliance with environmental law as a central gap. · Programa de Gestión Sostenible de los Recursos Naturales de la Cuenca del Lago Poopó
- European Union (Delegation in Bolivia) (2015): In its presentation in the programme document, the head of the Delegation wrote that the results reflect work in progress with achievements and also important challenges, and that the Plan Director and a basin management body will be key for long-term results; the document also says EU execution was awaiting replenishment of funds by the Delegation at its cut-off date. · Programa de Gestión Sostenible de los Recursos Naturales de la Cuenca del Lago Poopó
In court and with insurers
Lawsuits and rulings
Insurers
What nature saw
Nature's report opens this page. Below: further outcomes measured on the ground.
What we don't know
Nature
- Disputed Whether the programme's money was used effectively for the lake
Accounts
- Disputed Size of the programme
Record
- None on record None on record: an independent evaluation of the programme, by the EU or an auditor, in the sources reviewed.
- None on record None on record: the share of programme money spent on the lake itself. Former officials quoted by BBC Mundo said work on the lake was not prioritised; the programme document reports projects across seven municipalities.
- None on record None on record: the cost of the Plan Director or of the three pilot tailings dams; the document excerpt gives neither.
- None on record None on record: measured water-quality trends at the 103 monitoring points; the excerpt reviewed reports none.
- Disputed Disputed: the programme's size. OCMAL gives EUR 14 million (EU 10, Bolivia 3); the programme document gives EUR 14,210,000 (EU 10,935,000, counterpart 3,275,000); BBC Mundo gives about US$15 million.
- Unclear Unclear: whether the portion of the document not reviewed contains further results or lessons (the SlideShare text was read to 200,000 of 210,522 characters).
Did the harm stop?
The sources reviewed do not report that the harm stopped: the lake was reported dry in December 2015 and again in October 2023, and the programme document says the water-recovery target was not feasible within its period.
Who paid?
The European Union (EUR 10,935,000 planned; EUR 9,031,578.88 executed by April 2015) and the Bolivian state (EUR 3,275,000 planned; EUR 2,575,322.06 executed), according to the programme systematisation.
Sources
Government and regulators
- Sistematización de la intervención del Programa Cuenca Poopó (GERENSSA S.R.L., Convenio DCI-ALA/2009/021-614; hosted on SlideShare)Programa de Gestión Sostenible de los Recursos Naturales de la Cuenca del Lago Poopó · 2015
- Bolivia’s Lake Poopó DisappearsNASA Earth Observatory · 2016-01-23
Press and investigations
- ¿Cómo se secó el Poopó, el segundo lago más grande de Bolivia? (BBC Mundo, via El Mostrador)El Mostrador / BBC Mundo · 2015-12-23
Communities and civil society
- Programa Cuenca Poopó iniciará fase de ejecuciónOCMAL (Observatorio de Conflictos Mineros de América Latina) · 2011-07-03
Connected cases
- Huanuni sub-basin mining contamination in the Lake Poopó basin: emergency decrees, a 2022 constitutional ruling and an IACHR hearing Bolivia · 2009–2025 Related matter
- Government of Bolivia (Plurinational State) (Government) — here: Signed the agreement and provided counterpart funds of EUR 3,275,000 (planned); there: Issued Supreme Decrees 335 (2009) and 5442 (2025); responded at the IACHR hearing
- Gobernación de Oruro (departmental government) (Public authority) — here: Departmental government that coordinated the programme with the municipalities; there: Departmental government named in the claim; its secretary of environment was a defendant
- Lake Poopó, Oruro, Bolivia: the lake reported dry in December 2015, partial refills and a new dry spell in 2023 Bolivia · 1994–2025 Related matter
- Government of Bolivia (Plurinational State) (Government) — here: Signed the agreement and provided counterpart funds of EUR 3,275,000 (planned); there: National government that made the December 2015 statements and requested the Ramsar mission
- Gobernación de Oruro (departmental government) (Public authority) — here: Departmental government that coordinated the programme with the municipalities; there: Departmental government; reported lake areas, approved the 2015 disaster declaration according to EFE
- Plan Director de la Cuenca Poopó: Bs 897 million announced in December 2015 Bolivia · 2015–2017 Related matter
- Government of Bolivia (Plurinational State) (Government) — here: Signed the agreement and provided counterpart funds of EUR 3,275,000 (planned); there: Announced the plan; the vice-minister of Water Resources and Irrigation described it as the government's biggest challenge (BBC Mundo)
- Gobernación de Oruro (departmental government) (Public authority) — here: Departmental government that coordinated the programme with the municipalities; there: Departmental government that announced the plan with the national government
- African Parks Odzala-Kokoua abuses (Republic of Congo) Republic of Congo · 2010–2025
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Financed EUR 10,935,000 (planned) of the programme and extended it to December 2015; there: Funder (€6m for 2018–2023; 46% of the park budget in 2020)
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- European Union (International organisation) — here: Financed EUR 10,935,000 (planned) of the programme and extended it to December 2015; there: Fisheries-agreement sectoral support, including EUR 1 million a year for the PNBA in 2008–2012
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- Government of Bolivia (Plurinational State) (Government) — here: Signed the agreement and provided counterpart funds of EUR 3,275,000 (planned); there: Issued decree 3973 authorising clearing and controlled burning
- Bolivia's legislature withholds approval of CATL-linked lithium contracts Bolivia · 2025
- Government of Bolivia (Plurinational State) (Government) — here: Signed the agreement and provided counterpart funds of EUR 3,275,000 (planned); there: reviewing the contracts
- Burkina Faso Forest Investment Program project: 3.78 million tCO2eq in emission reductions estimated with an ex-ante tool Burkina Faso · 2014–2021
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Financed EUR 10,935,000 (planned) of the programme and extended it to December 2015; there: EU Trust Fund grant of EUR 7.30 million, amended to EUR 6.5 million
- Destruction of the Kakhovka dam and drainage of the Kakhovka reservoir (June 2023) Ukraine · 2023–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Financed EUR 10,935,000 (planned) of the programme and extended it to December 2015; there: Co-author of RDNA3 and RDNA4; statement at the OSCE
- EU bans offset-based neutrality claims from 27 September 2026 European Union · 2024–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Financed EUR 10,935,000 (planned) of the programme and extended it to December 2015; there: adopted the directive
- EU court rejects Austria's challenge to green label for gas and nuclear European Union · 2022–2025
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Financed EUR 10,935,000 (planned) of the programme and extended it to December 2015; there: set the taxonomy rules
- EU Deforestation Regulation delays and trade pressure European Union · 2022
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Financed EUR 10,935,000 (planned) of the programme and extended it to December 2015; there: Regulator
- EU mirror measure on antimicrobials and Brazil beef exclusion Brazil · 2019–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Financed EUR 10,935,000 (planned) of the programme and extended it to December 2015; there: Regulator that adopted the measure and decided the list
- EU narrows supply-chain law and delays deforestation rule twice European Union · 2024–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Financed EUR 10,935,000 (planned) of the programme and extended it to December 2015; there: Adopted the narrowed directive and postponed the EUDR
- EU seal-product ban's Inuit exemption found ineffective Canada · 2014
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Financed EUR 10,935,000 (planned) of the programme and extended it to December 2015; there: Seal-product ban with an Inuit exemption
- FSC suspension of Russia and Belarus and birch plywood sanctions cases in the EU Russia · 2022–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Financed EUR 10,935,000 (planned) of the programme and extended it to December 2015; there: Council Regulation (EU) 2022/576 wood import ban
- Hamoun wetlands, Helmand water and the EU/UNDP restoration project Iran · 1973–2025
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Financed EUR 10,935,000 (planned) of the programme and extended it to December 2015; there: Funder of the €10 million restoration project
- Jadar lithium project Serbia · 2022–2025
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Financed EUR 10,935,000 (planned) of the programme and extended it to December 2015; there: Defendant in the strategic-status case (European Commission)
- Kenyan forest guards shoot dead Sengwer herder Robert Kirotich during evictions Kenya · 2018–2024
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Financed EUR 10,935,000 (planned) of the programme and extended it to December 2015; there: donor; suspended support for the WaTER programme
- Kenyan water-tower forest evictions followed the 2018 shooting of a Sengwer herder Kenya · 2016–2024
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Financed EUR 10,935,000 (planned) of the programme and extended it to December 2015; there: funder of the WaTER programme
- Mauritania fishmeal industry, sardinella stocks and foreign fishing agreements Mauritania · 2008–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Financed EUR 10,935,000 (planned) of the programme and extended it to December 2015; there: Party to the Sustainable Fisheries Partnership Agreement and protocol
- Messok Dja ecoguard abuses (Republic of Congo) Republic of Congo · 2008–2020
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Financed EUR 10,935,000 (planned) of the programme and extended it to December 2015; there: Funder; agreed €1 million in 2016, partially suspended its funding in 2020
- Methane super-emitters in Turkmenistan's oil and gas fields Turkmenistan · 2017–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Financed EUR 10,935,000 (planned) of the programme and extended it to December 2015; there: Methane import rules apply to gas contracts from 2027
- Morocco says it cut cadmium in phosphate fertilisers; EU cannot verify the claim Morocco · 2025
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Financed EUR 10,935,000 (planned) of the programme and extended it to December 2015; there: acknowledges it cannot verify Morocco's claim
- Nonylphenol ethoxylates: Swiss ban and EU restriction Switzerland · 1984–2014
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Financed EUR 10,935,000 (planned) of the programme and extended it to December 2015; there: Adopted Directive 2003/53/EC
- Plastic waste imports into Türkiye (Adana) Türkiye · 2016–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Financed EUR 10,935,000 (planned) of the programme and extended it to December 2015; there: Assessed Türkiye under Article 45(5) of the Waste Shipment Regulation
- Posidonia oceanica meadows (Balearics, Mediterranean) Spain · 2018–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Financed EUR 10,935,000 (planned) of the programme and extended it to December 2015; there: Habitats Directive: Posidonia beds are a priority habitat
- Prestige Spain · 2002–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Financed EUR 10,935,000 (planned) of the programme and extended it to December 2015; there: Provided more than €275m in aid
- Register of Damage for Ukraine, the Claims Commission convention and the money meant to pay claims Ukraine · 2024–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Financed EUR 10,935,000 (planned) of the programme and extended it to December 2015; there: Delivered windfall revenues; EUR 90 billion loan
- Sengwer evictions from Embobut forest and the EU Water Towers programme (Kenya) Kenya · 2014–2024
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Financed EUR 10,935,000 (planned) of the programme and extended it to December 2015; there: Funder of the WaTER programme
- Sudan gum arabic belt: wartime production losses and EU and GCF funding Sudan · 2013–2028
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Financed EUR 10,935,000 (planned) of the programme and extended it to December 2015; there: Funder of the gum arabic programme
- Termit and Tin Toumma National Nature Reserve: 2019 boundary change around CNPC oil blocks Niger · 2012–2023
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Financed EUR 10,935,000 (planned) of the programme and extended it to December 2015; there: Funds reserve management (PAPBIO programme)
- Trade rules curb green industrial policy; WTO rules against Indonesia nickel ban Global · 2013–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Financed EUR 10,935,000 (planned) of the programme and extended it to December 2015; there: Complainant in the Indonesia nickel case; respondent in the palm oil and CBAM disputes
- Ukraine's ban on raw-log exports and the EU–Ukraine Association Agreement arbitration, 2015–2026 Ukraine · 2015–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Financed EUR 10,935,000 (planned) of the programme and extended it to December 2015; there: Complainant in the arbitration
- Ukraine's mine contamination, the farmland demining programme and mine-action money Ukraine · 2022–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Financed EUR 10,935,000 (planned) of the programme and extended it to December 2015; there: Mobilised over EUR 360 million for demining since 2022 (EEAS)
- Uzbek cotton boycott ends forced labour Uzbekistan · 2017–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Financed EUR 10,935,000 (planned) of the programme and extended it to December 2015; there: Trade partner (trade preference)
- Wadi El Ku catchment project, North Darfur Sudan · 2013–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Financed EUR 10,935,000 (planned) of the programme and extended it to December 2015; there: Funder, EUR 6.45 million for phase 1
- World Bank and development bank accountability mechanisms: Embobut (Sengwer), Tata Mundra, Arun III, Jale, Cambodia Kenya · 2007–2024
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Financed EUR 10,935,000 (planned) of the programme and extended it to December 2015; there: Funder of the WaTER programme
- WTO panel backs EU on palm biofuel rules in Malaysia case Global · 2025
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Financed EUR 10,935,000 (planned) of the programme and extended it to December 2015; there: Respondent; set the renewable-status rules
- WTO panel found Indonesia's raw nickel export ban breached rules Indonesia · 2020–2022
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Financed EUR 10,935,000 (planned) of the programme and extended it to December 2015; there: Brought the complaint at the WTO