Cases / Plastic waste and recycling claims · Türkiye · 2016–2026
Plastic waste imports into Türkiye (Adana)
Nature's voice · report
British plastic lay at all ten of the dumping sites around Adana that Greenpeace checked in 2021.
Did nature suffer? Yes. Harm is on record. Disputed
Accounts of the harm differ
Is Türkiye managing imported plastic waste adequately?
- International bodies European Commission: The findings "do not lead to the conclusion that Türkiye is failing… but point to the need for substantial improvements." European Commission
- Government and regulators Turkish authorities: No answer recorded; EU authorities reported difficulty getting answers from Turkish counterparts. European Commission
- Communities and civil society Greenpeace: Found UK plastic at all 10 dumping sites checked in Adana in 2021. Greenpeace UK (via The Ecologist)
- Communities and civil society Human Rights Watch: Reported respiratory problems, headaches, skin conditions and no protective equipment among workers, including children, refugees and undocumented migrants. Human Rights Watch
Türkiye received 510,000 tonnes of European Union plastic waste in 2025, the largest share of any destination. A 2026 European Commission assessment said the findings pointed to a need for substantial improvements, and Human Rights Watch and Greenpeace reported harm to workers and dump sites around Adana and Istanbul.
510,000 tEU plastic waste exports received by Türkiye, 2025
36% of all EU plastic waste exports to third countries and 70% of exports to OECD countries (European Commission, 1 September 2026). A press report gave about 503,000 t.
36% of all EU plastic waste exports to third countries and 70% of exports to OECD countries (European Commission, 1 September 2026). A press report gave about 503,000 t.
Status As of October 2026: the Commission's 1 September 2026 assessment found Türkiye received 510,000 t of EU plastic waste in 2025 and called for substantial improvements; a reassessment is planned by the end of 2028.
What?
Imports of plastic waste into Türkiye from the EU, the UK and other countries, concentrated around Adana, with reported harm to recycling workers and Greenpeace's finding of UK plastic at dumping sites. European Commission
Where?
Adana and Istanbul, Türkiye. Human Rights Watch
When?
Export growth recorded from 2016; Greenpeace report 17 May 2021; Human Rights Watch report 21 September 2022; Commission assessment 1 September 2026. European Commission
Who?
Gained
- Importing recyclers in Türkiye (names not public) — Received the waste for processing; the Commission recorded more than 1,300 licensed facilities by 2020. European Commission
- Turkish plastics sector — Said imported waste lowered prices by about 30%.
- EU member states — About a third of EU-reported plastic packaging recycling came from exports in 2017–2020.
Lost
None on recordHarmed
- Recycling workers, including children, refugees and undocumented migrants, in Istanbul and Adana — Reported respiratory problems, headaches, skin conditions and no protective equipment. Human Rights Watch
- Residents near recycling sites in Istanbul and Adana — Included among Human Rights Watch's 64 interviews (21 residents). Human Rights Watch
Why?
China, which had taken 45% of the world's plastic waste imports since 1992, stopped imports in January 2018, and 111 million tonnes of waste were expected to go elsewhere by 2030.
How?
The waste is processed at licensed facilities; Türkiye applies a 1% contamination limit and, since 2022, a quota of 50% of each facility's certified capacity, released in quarterly tranches with penalties. European Commission
In proportion Türkiye received 36% of all EU plastic waste exports to third countries and 70% of exports to OECD countries in 2025. European Commission
6 of 6 questions answered from the record
What happened
The record, in order.
In 2025 the European Union exported 1.4 million tonnes of plastic waste to countries outside the EU, 730,000 t of it to OECD countries. Türkiye received 510,000 t, which the European Commission put at 36% of all EU plastic waste exports and 70% of exports to OECD countries. The Commission described this as the highest level so far, worth €94 million. Türkiye's total plastic waste imports from third countries were about 700,000 t, with the United Kingdom a major source.
China, which had taken 45% of the world's plastic waste imports since 1992, stopped imports in January 2018; 111 million tonnes of waste were expected to go elsewhere by 2030. Greenpeace's Adana report of 17 May 2021, as cited by the trade outlet Resource, put EU plastic exports to Türkiye at 22,000 t in 2016 and 447,000 t in 2020. Greenpeace said it found UK plastic at all 10 dumping sites it checked in Adana, and Greenpeace UK's report "Trashed" put UK plastic waste exports to Türkiye at 209,642 t in 2020, almost 40% of the UK total.
Human Rights Watch published "It's as If They're Poisoning Us" on 21 September 2022. It was based on 64 interviews in Istanbul and Adana, including 26 current or former recycling workers and 21 residents. Five of the workers were children at the time of interview, and four adults had started work as children. Interviewees included refugees and undocumented migrants. The reported harms were respiratory problems, headaches and skin conditions, and workers described having no protective equipment.
Türkiye's import rules, as described by the Commission, include a 1% contamination limit and, since 2022, a quota capping imports at 50% of each facility's certified capacity, released in quarterly tranches with penalties for exceeding it. A ban on polyethylene waste imports was announced at the end of May 2021, took effect on 2–3 July 2021 and was lifted by Official Gazette notice on 10 July 2021, replaced by licensing tied to capacity. The plastics sector said imports were about 20% of domestic demand and had lowered prices by about 30%.
The Commission's assessment of Türkiye under Article 45(5) of the Waste Shipment Regulation (SWD(2026) 274 final, 1 September 2026) recorded more than 1,300 licensed recycling facilities by 2020, with Adana described as the hub, and stakeholder estimates that about 10% of Türkiye's own plastic waste is recycled. It said stakeholders questioned whether facilities' declared capacity was overstated and that EU authorities had difficulty getting answers from Turkish counterparts. It concluded that the findings "do not lead to the conclusion that Türkiye is failing… but point to the need for substantial improvements", and planned a reassessment by the end of 2028. An EU rule banning plastic waste exports to non-OECD countries from 21 November 2026 does not cover Türkiye, which is an OECD member.
- 2016EU plastic waste exports to Türkiye: 22,000 t (Greenpeace, as cited by Resource)
- 2018China stops plastic waste imports (January)
- 2020EU exports to Türkiye 447,000 t (Greenpeace) or nearly 450,000 t (HRW); UK exports 209,642 t (Greenpeace UK)
- 202117 May: Greenpeace reports UK plastic at all 10 Adana dumping sites checked. End of May: polyethylene waste import ban announced; in force 2–3 July; lifted 10 July
- 2022Import quota of 50% of certified capacity introduced; 21 September: Human Rights Watch report
- 2024Waste fines of about €16.5m recorded
- 2025Türkiye receives 510,000 t of EU plastic waste (Commission); press report gives about 503,000 t
- 20261 September: Commission assessment of Türkiye. 21 November: EU ban on plastic waste exports to non-OECD countries due to start; it does not cover Türkiye
What was said
Claims, in the words of those who made them.
“it would feel like my lungs were squeezed and under pressure.”
“do not lead to the conclusion that Türkiye is failing… but point to the need for substantial improvements.”
Where accounts differ
Each party's account, side by side, with its source. The record does not settle these points; it shows them.
Is Türkiye managing imported plastic waste adequately?
International bodies
European Commission
The findings "do not lead to the conclusion that Türkiye is failing… but point to the need for substantial improvements."
European CommissionGovernment and regulators
Turkish authorities
No answer recorded; EU authorities reported difficulty getting answers from Turkish counterparts.
European CommissionCommunities and civil society
Greenpeace
Found UK plastic at all 10 dumping sites checked in Adana in 2021.
Greenpeace UK (via The Ecologist)Communities and civil society
Human Rights Watch
Reported respiratory problems, headaches, skin conditions and no protective equipment among workers, including children, refugees and undocumented migrants.
Human Rights WatchIs the declared capacity of recycling facilities accurate?
Government and regulators
Turkish import rules
Imports are capped at 50% of each facility's certified capacity, released in quarterly tranches.
European CommissionResearchers
Stakeholders cited by the Commission
Questioned whether facilities' declared capacity is overstated.
European CommissionHow much EU plastic waste did Türkiye receive in 2025?
International bodies
European Commission
510,000 t, 36% of all EU plastic waste exports, worth €94 million.
European CommissionHow it looked
What was shown, beside what was recorded.
Shown
- More than 1,300 licensed recycling facilities, with Adana described as the hubEuropean Commission assessment, describing the Turkish sector · European Commission
- Each facility's certified capacity, on which the 50% import quota is based; stakeholders questioned whether declared capacity was overstatedTurkish import rules, as described in the Commission assessment · European Commission
Recorded
- EU exports of plastic waste to Türkiye were 22,000 t in 2016 and 447,000 t in 2020, according to Greenpeace's Adana report as cited by Resource.
- Human Rights Watch put Türkiye's intake at nearly 450,000 t of EU plastic in 2020, the largest recipient, and at "nearly half of the EU's plastic waste exports in 2020 and 2021".
- Greenpeace said it found UK plastic at all 10 dumping sites checked in Adana in 2021.
- Greenpeace UK recorded 209,642 t of UK plastic waste going to Türkiye in 2020, almost 40% of UK plastic waste exports.
- UN Comtrade data, compiled by the Basel Action Network, showed 141 million kg going from the UK to Türkiye in 2023, up from 88 million kg in 2022.
- Recoup reported that more than 25% of England's 600,000+ t of plastic waste exports went to Türkiye in 2023.
- Statista, citing Eurostat, gave Türkiye's 2023 receipts as 315,620 t.
- The UK National Audit Office reported in 2018 that about half of subsidised packaging recycling was exported and that about one in four high-risk exporters had been inspected.
- Türkiye's virgin and waste plastic imports peaked at 8.9 Mt in 2025, against plastic products output of 10 Mt.
- Türkiye generated 3.3–3.9 Mt of plastic waste domestically; stakeholders estimated about 10% was recycled. Municipal waste in 2021 was about 80% landfilled and 12% recycled.
- Waste fines in 2024 were about €16.5m.
- Interpol reported in 2020 a rise in forged documents, fraudulent registrations and crime networks using legitimate firms as cover in the plastic waste trade, based on intelligence from 40 countries covering 257 trade routes.
- The plastics sector said imported waste made up about 20% of domestic demand and had lowered prices by about 30%.
- From 21 November 2026 the EU bans plastic waste exports to non-OECD countries; from 2027 exporters must have the destination facility independently audited.
Who gained
Money that reached nature, beside money that stayed elsewhere.
Reached nature or the ground
Not published
No figure published.
Gained elsewhere
Not totalled
Currency: EUR · Window: 2025. All figures cover the same period. * Estimate built from cited figures.
Responses on record
- European Commission (2026-09-01): Said the findings "do not lead to the conclusion that Türkiye is failing… but point to the need for substantial improvements", and planned a reassessment by the end of 2028. · European Commission
- Turkish authorities (2026-09-01): No answers recorded: EU authorities reported difficulty getting answers from their Turkish counterparts. · European Commission
- Turkish plastics sector (July 2021): Said imports were about 20% of domestic demand and had lowered prices by about 30%, in the context of the July 2021 polyethylene import ban and its reversal.
In court and with insurers
Every proceeding and every insurer decision on record.
Lawsuits and rulings
- 2026-09-01–2026-09-01OngoingCommission assessment of Türkiye under Article 45(5) of the Waste Shipment RegulationEuropean Commission · Regulatory · European Commission → Türkiye (assessed party)
The Commission found that its findings do not lead to the conclusion that Türkiye is failing but point to the need for substantial improvements, and planned a reassessment by the end of 2028. European Commission
Insurers
No insurer decision on record.
What nature saw
Outcomes measured on the ground, and nature's note.
Nature's report opens this page. Below: further outcomes measured on the ground.
Dumping sites in Adana with UK plastic
10 of 10
Sites checked in Greenpeace's 2021 field work
Türkiye's own plastic waste recycled
About 10%
Stakeholder estimate cited by the Commission, 2026
Municipal waste landfilled
About 80%
2021, per the Commission assessment
What we don't know
Undisclosed, unproven, untried: recorded as data.
Nature
- Disputed Is Türkiye managing imported plastic waste adequately?
Accounts
- Disputed Is the declared capacity of recycling facilities accurate?
- Disputed How much EU plastic waste did Türkiye receive in 2025?
- None on record Turkish authorities: No answer recorded; EU authorities reported difficulty getting answers from Turkish counterparts.
Record
- None on record The names of the importing recyclers are not public.
- Unclear Whether facilities' declared capacity is overstated is unresolved: stakeholders questioned it and the Commission recorded the question.
- Disputed Figures for 2025 differ: the Commission gave 510,000 t received from the EU and a press report gave about 503,000 t.
- None on record EU authorities reported difficulty getting answers from Turkish counterparts.
Did the harm stop?
Not established in the record. The Commission planned a reassessment by the end of 2028, and the EU ban on exports to non-OECD countries from 21 November 2026 does not cover Türkiye.
Who paid?
Workers and residents in Istanbul and Adana, according to Human Rights Watch; the record names no payment or compensation.
Sources
Voices on record: — Company or project✓ Government and regulators— Courts✓ Press and investigations✓ Communities and civil society— Researchers✓ International bodies
Government and regulators
- The packaging recycling obligations (HC 1386)National Audit Office (UK) · 2018-07-23
Press and investigations
- UK plastic waste illegally dumped and burned in TurkeyResource · 2021-05-17
- EU waste export ban spares Turkey, its biggest plastic dumping groundBrussels Signal · 2026-09
Communities and civil society
- "It's as If They're Poisoning Us" (88 pp.)Human Rights Watch · 2022-09-21
- Trashed, Greenpeace UK report on plastic waste in Turkey (via The Ecologist)Greenpeace UK (via The Ecologist) · 2021-05-17
- UK export data: annual summary (UN Comtrade)Basel Action Network · 2023
International bodies
Connected cases
Related matters, and cases linked to this one through the same organisations, with the role each played in both.
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