Thames Tideway Tunnel, London: a 25 km sewer tunnel paid for through customer bills
- The record does not name which of my species, waters, soils or forests were harmed.
- Company or project Thames Water and Tideway (2026): Storm overflow volume down about 86% in 2025; days of elevated health risk down from 75.7% to 10.4%; one dissolved oxygen depletion event in 2025 linked to sewage overflows. Thames Water
- Communities and civil society Alison Debney, Zoological Society of London (2026): Investment in water treatment infrastructure delivers tangible improvements in water quality, but "there is still work to do". Thames Water
The Thames Tideway Tunnel was built to intercept storm sewage that overflowed into the tidal Thames, after the Court of Justice found the UK in breach of the EU urban waste water directive in 2012. Cost figures stated by sources range from £4.2bn (NAO, 2017) to £4.7bn (Tideway); Thames Water's wastewater customers pay. In October 2026 Thames Water reported a fall of about 86% in modelled storm overflow volume in 2025.
Tideway's about-us page (undated): "The tunnel will cost £4.7bn to complete." Other figures in the sources reviewed: about £3.5bn (2014 estimate), £4.2bn (NAO, 2017), £4,384m (estimate at completion, November 2022) and £4.5bn (August 2023).
Status As of October 2026: the tunnel has been operational since February 2025 and operation is transferring to Thames Water; Thames Water reported an 86% fall in modelled overflow volume in 2025; no independent verification is on record.
- Tideway and its owners — Finance, build, maintain and operate the tunnel; owners named as Allianz, Amber Infrastructure and Dalmore Capital Tideway
- Households in and outside Thames Water's area — About 60 per cent of estimated annual benefits go to households outside Thames Water's service area (NAO) National Audit Office
- Thames Water's wastewater customers — Pay through their bills; the NAO recorded £13 a year added in 2016-17 and a forecast peak of £20 to £25 National Audit Office
What happened
The Thames Tideway Tunnel is a 25 km sewer tunnel running west to east under London, built to reduce sewage overflows into the tidal River Thames. The National Audit Office (NAO) wrote in March 2017 that "A 1991 EU Directive required the UK to protect the environment from waste water discharges" and that the UK was found in breach in 2012. On 18 October 2012 the Court of Justice of the European Union (First Chamber) declared in case C-301/10, Commission v United Kingdom, that the UK "has failed to fulfil its obligations under that directive", in respect of the collecting systems at Beckton and Crossness (London) and the treatment of waste water at Beckton, Crossness and Mogden, among other sites. The InforMEA summary of the judgment does not name the Tideway Tunnel.
The NAO's review (2 March 2017) put the current estimate at £4.2 billion. It recorded that tunnel costs added £13 a year to the average Thames Water household bill in 2016-17 and that the company forecast a peak of £20 to £25 by the early 2020s; the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs forecast benefits of 1.8 to 3.1 times the costs, with a warning that the estimates are uncertain; and about 60 per cent of estimated annual benefits go to households outside Thames Water's service area although only its customers pay. A government contingent support package, which transfers liability to the taxpayer if certain risks materialise, had a £6.6 billion "reasonable worst case". The NAO found that agreeing standards took from 2000 to 2010, that Thames Water's analysis of alternatives was less detailed and its costings were not independently checked, that the Environment Agency could not show it had sufficiently understood the impact of uncertainty in the models, and that refinements after 2007 suggested a smaller tunnel could still meet the target at an estimated saving of £646 million. It concluded that "it is still too early to form a value for money conclusion".
Cost figures changed over time. Construction Wave reported in August 2023 that the original 2014 estimate was "around £3.5 billion" and that the final cost was £4.5 billion, revised in April 2023 for the remaining works programme and inflation. The Construction Index reported in November 2022 an estimate at completion of £4,384 million, up £96 million (2%) in six months, the main cause being "inflation". Tideway's about-us page states "The tunnel will cost £4.7bn to complete", that household bills will rise by "no more than £25 per year" before inflation, that the cost is "paid for by Thames Water's 15 million wastewater customers through their bills" and that Thames Water also directly funds £1.1 billion of the construction cost; it names Allianz, Amber Infrastructure and Dalmore Capital as owners. In June 2026 Tideway said the bill cost remained within £20-£25 (2014/15 prices) and its chair, Michael Queen, said the project was "largely on time and on budget"; no total project cost was stated in that release.
Tideway's home page states that the tunnel "was fully connected and operational in February, 2025". Tideway's June 2026 annual report release said more than 20 million tonnes of storm sewage had been intercepted since the first connection in August 2024, that the 25 km system adds more than 1.5 billion litres of storage and that 12 of 13 public spaces were open. On 13 October 2026 Thames Water published the first Tideway benefits report, covering 2025: storm overflow volume just under 3 million cubic metres against a pre-Tideway average of more than 21 million cubic metres (about 86% lower), days of elevated health risk linked to overflows down from 75.7% to 10.4%, and sewage-related items on the foreshore down from 30% to 18% of litter in Thames21 monitoring. The page states that the 86% figure is based on modelled volumes, not measured discharges, that 2025 was unusually dry and that the report covers one year during commissioning. Alison Debney of the Zoological Society of London said "there is still work to do".
- 2012Court of Justice declares the UK in breach of the urban waste water treatment directive in Commission v United Kingdom, C-301/10 (18 October)
- 2014Original project estimate of around £3.5 billion
- 2017NAO review: current estimate £4.2 billion; too early for a value for money conclusion (2 March)
- 2022Estimate at completion £4,384 million (six months to 30 September)
- 2023Final cost reported as £4.5 billion after an April revision (August)
- 2024First connection to the tunnel (August)
- 2025Tunnel fully connected and operational (February)
- 2026Tideway annual report (11 June); Thames Water publishes the first Tideway benefits report, 86% lower modelled overflow volume in 2025 (13 October)
What was said
“it is still too early to form a value for money conclusion”
“the United Kingdom has failed to fulfil its obligations under that directive”
“largely on time and on budget”
“This report shows that the Thames Tideway Tunnel is already delivering real benefits for the River Thames.”
“there is still work to do”
Where accounts differ
Each party's account, side by side, with its source. The record does not settle these points; it shows them.
Current estimate £4.2 billion.
National Audit OfficeEstimate at completion £4,384 million in November 2022; final cost £4.5 billion in August 2023; original 2014 estimate around £3.5 billion.
Construction WaveThames Water customers pay the construction costs although about 60 per cent of estimated annual benefits accrue to households outside its service area.
National Audit OfficeThe cost is paid for by Thames Water's 15 million wastewater customers through their bills.
TidewayStorm overflow volume down about 86% in 2025; days of elevated health risk down from 75.7% to 10.4%; one dissolved oxygen depletion event in 2025 linked to sewage overflows.
Thames WaterInvestment in water treatment infrastructure delivers tangible improvements in water quality, but "there is still work to do".
Thames WaterHow it looked
Shown
- London's super sewer described as "now protecting the river from pollution".Tideway · Tideway
- First-year results presented as a fall of about 86% in storm overflow volume to the tidal Thames, from a pre-Tideway average of more than 21 million cubic metres to just under 3 million.Thames Water and Tideway · Thames Water
Recorded
- NAO (2017): £4.2 billion current estimate; Thames Water customers pay while about 60 per cent of estimated annual benefits go to households outside its service area; £6.6 billion reasonable worst case for taxpayer support.
- Court of Justice (2012): the UK failed to fulfil obligations under Directive 91/271/EEC at Beckton, Crossness and Mogden and in the collecting systems at Beckton and Crossness.
- Cost figures over time: about £3.5bn (2014), £4.2bn (2017), £4,384m (November 2022), £4.5bn (2023), £4.7bn (Tideway page).
- Thames Water (2026): modelled storm overflow volume in 2025 just under 3 million cubic metres against a pre-Tideway average of more than 21 million; one year, unusually dry, commissioning period.
- No source reviewed gives an independent (Environment Agency or other) verification of the 2025 results or a total project outturn cost from Tideway's accounts.
In nature's name
Promised
- “London's super sewer is now protecting the river from pollution.” — Tideway (home page) (October 2026) Tideway
- “This report shows that the Thames Tideway Tunnel is already delivering real benefits for the River Thames.” — Tess Fayers, Thames Water Director of Waste and Bioresources (13 October 2026) Thames Water
Money moved in nature's name
| What | Kind | Amount | Period |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stated cost of the tunnel to completion Tideway; paid by Thames Water's wastewater customers Tideway | Budget | £4.7bn estimate | to completion |
| Reported final cost of the tunnel Tideway Construction Wave | Budget | £4.5bn estimate | August 2023 |
| Estimate at completion Tideway The Construction Index | Budget | £4.4bn estimate | six months to 30 September 2022 |
| NAO current estimate for the tunnel National Audit Office National Audit Office | Budget | £4.2bn estimate | 2017 |
| Original project estimate Tideway Construction Wave | Budget | £3.5bn estimate | 2014 |
| Construction cost funded directly by Thames Water Thames Water Tideway | Budget | £1.1bn | not stated |
What was measured
The results on record are Thames Water's and Tideway's own: a fall of about 86% in storm overflow volume in 2025, which the page states is based on modelled volumes rather than measured discharges, covers one unusually dry year during commissioning and is reported by a company with a stake in the result. The foreshore litter share (30% to 18%) is from Thames21 monitoring as reported by Thames Water. No independent measurement or regulator verification of benefit to the river was found.
Operation Ongoing · Fully connected and operational in February 2025; operation transferring to Thames Water. Tideway
Findings on record
- Court or regulator ruling Court of Justice of the European Union (First Chamber) (2012-10-18) · Commission v United Kingdom, C-301/10: “the United Kingdom has failed to fulfil its obligations under that directive” InforMEA judicial portal
- Official audit National Audit Office (2017-03-02) · Review of the Thames Tideway Tunnel: “it is still too early to form a value for money conclusion” National Audit Office
Who gained
Reached nature or the ground
Gained elsewhere
Responses on record
- Tideway (11 June 2026): Said the tunnel is protecting the river from pollution, that bill costs remain within the £20-£25 range (2014/15 prices) and, through its chair, that the project was largely on time and on budget. · Tideway
- Thames Water (13 October 2026): Said the first Tideway benefits report shows the tunnel is already delivering real benefits for the River Thames; reported an 86% fall in modelled storm overflow volume in 2025. · Thames Water
- Ofwat: No statement from Ofwat appears in the sources opened.
In court and with insurers
Lawsuits and rulings
- 2012Claimant wonCommission v United Kingdom (C-301/10), urban waste water treatmentCourt of Justice of the European Union (First Chamber) · International court · European Commission → United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
On 18 October 2012 the Court declared that the United Kingdom failed to fulfil its obligations under Directive 91/271/EEC on urban waste water treatment, concerning the collecting system at Whitburn (Sunderland), the collecting systems at Beckton and Crossness (London) and the treatment of waste water at Beckton, Crossness and Mogden, and ordered the United Kingdom to pay costs. The NAO linked the Tideway Tunnel to the directive and to the 2012 breach finding. InforMEA judicial portal
Insurers
What nature saw
Nature's report opens this page. Below: further outcomes measured on the ground.
What we don't know
Nature
- Not measured Harm to nature: The record holds no measurement of harm to nature.
- Disputed Results for the river
Record
- None on record None on record: independent verification of the 2025 results. The 86% figure is from Thames Water and Tideway, is based on modelled volumes rather than measured discharges, and covers one unusually dry year during commissioning.
- None on record None on record: a total project outturn cost from Tideway's accounts. The sources reviewed give about £3.5bn (2014), £4.2bn (NAO 2017), £4,384m (November 2022), £4.5bn (2023) and £4.7bn (Tideway page, undated) without reconciling them.
- None on record None on record: an NAO report after 2017; the NAO wrote then that it was too early for a value for money conclusion.
- Disputed Disputed: the cost. Figures stated by NAO, the trade press and Tideway differ by date and basis.
- Unclear Unclear: how the 2012 Court of Justice ruling relates to this project. The NAO links the project to the 1991 directive and the 2012 breach finding; the judgment summary read does not name the Tideway Tunnel.
- None on record None on record: Ofwat's own findings on the tunnel's cost to customers in the sources opened.
Did the harm stop?
The sources reviewed report a fall in modelled storm overflow volume to the tidal Thames in 2025, but they do not report that sewage discharges to the river have stopped; Thames Water's report covers one year during commissioning, and ZSL said there is still work to do.
Who paid?
Thames Water's wastewater customers through their bills, according to Tideway and the NAO. The NAO recorded £13 a year added to the average household bill in 2016-17 with a forecast peak of £20 to £25; Tideway states the cost remains within £20-£25 (2014/15 prices). The NAO also recorded a government contingent support package with a £6.6 billion reasonable worst case.
Sources
Company or project
- About Tideway (page undated)Tideway ·
- Tideway home page (data last updated 1 October 2026)Tideway · 2026-10-01
Government and regulators
- Review of the Thames Tideway Tunnel (value for money report)National Audit Office · 2017-03-02
- Review of the Thames Tideway Tunnel (press release)National Audit Office · 2017-03-02
Courts
- European Commission v United Kingdom, Case C-301/10 (judicial portal summary)InforMEA judicial portal · 2012-10-18
Press and investigations
- Tideway super sewer final cost holds steady at £4.5bnConstruction Wave · 2023-08-31
- Thames Tideway supersewer 83% completeThe Construction Index · 2022-11-30
Connected cases
- England and Wales water privatisation and Thames Water: debt, dividends and the record Ofwat fine United Kingdom · 1989–2026
- Thames Water (Company) — here: Collects the charge from its wastewater customers and operates the tunnel as part of the sewerage network; there: Water and sewerage company; fined £122.7m by Ofwat (May 2025)
- Ofwat (Public authority) — here: Economic regulator of water companies, including the tunnel's price control; there: Economic regulator of the water sector; imposed the fine
- Zoological Society of London (Research institution) — here: Commented on the 2026 benefits report; there: Publisher of the State of the Thames reports
- Bou Craa phosphate mine and Morocco green hydrogen in Western Sahara Western Sahara (controlled in large part by Morocco) · 1975–2026
- Court of Justice of the European Union (Government) — here: Decided Commission v United Kingdom (C-301/10) on 18 October 2012; there: Court of Justice of the European Union
- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the 2012 case against the United Kingdom; there: Negotiated the EU-Morocco arrangements
- Kyparissia Bay (Thines Kyparissias), Greece: construction, roads and beach use at a loggerhead nesting site, CJEU C-504/14 (2016) Greece · 2010–2025
- Court of Justice of the European Union (Government) — here: Decided Commission v United Kingdom (C-301/10) on 18 October 2012; there: Judgment in C-504/14 (10 November 2016); judgment in C-849/19 (17 December 2020)
- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the 2012 case against the United Kingdom; there: Brought the infringement action in C-504/14
- Laganas Bay, Zakynthos, Greece: National Marine Park, Bern file 1986/8 and CJEU C-103/00 (2002) Greece · 1986–2025
- Court of Justice of the European Union (Government) — here: Decided Commission v United Kingdom (C-301/10) on 18 October 2012; there: Judgment in C-103/00 (30 January 2002); judgment in C-849/19 (17 December 2020)
- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the 2012 case against the United Kingdom; there: Brought the infringement action in C-103/00; inspected the beaches in 1998 and 1999
- Natura 2000: the EU network of protected sites, its financing gap and the state of protected nature European Union · 1992–2027
- Court of Justice of the European Union (Government) — here: Decided Commission v United Kingdom (C-301/10) on 18 October 2012; there: Ruled in C-441/17 on the Puszcza Białowieska Natura 2000 site
- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the 2012 case against the United Kingdom; there: Oversees the nature directives and Natura 2000; estimated financing needs; brought C-441/17
- Zakynthos landfill inside the National Marine Park, Greece: CJEU C-600/12 (2014) and penalty judgment C-368/24 (2025) Greece · 1999–2025
- Court of Justice of the European Union (Government) — here: Decided Commission v United Kingdom (C-301/10) on 18 October 2012; there: Judgments in C-600/12 (17 July 2014) and C-368/24 (9 October 2025)
- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the 2012 case against the United Kingdom; there: Brought the actions in C-600/12 and C-368/24
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- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the 2012 case against the United Kingdom; there: Competition authority that issued the decision
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- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the 2012 case against the United Kingdom; there: Proposed the non-binding phase-out target
- China small hydropower closures, Yangtze Economic Belt China · 2018–2020
- National Audit Office (Public authority) — here: Reviewed the tunnel in 2017; there: Auditor whose finding on interrupted flow was reported
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- Allianz (Insurer) — here: Named by Tideway as an owner; there: Ruled out cover (April 2022)
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- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the 2012 case against the United Kingdom; there: Regulator
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- National Audit Office (Public authority) — here: Reviewed the tunnel in 2017; there: Audited the Programme in 2019, 2021 and 2024
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- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the 2012 case against the United Kingdom; there: Made the 2020 pledge; reported to have withdrawn it in 2026
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- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the 2012 case against the United Kingdom; there: adopted the outdoor ban
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- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the 2012 case against the United Kingdom; there: Reported the climate spending figure of €216 billion
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- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the 2012 case against the United Kingdom; there: Regulator of CBAM
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- Court of Justice of the European Union (Government) — here: Decided Commission v United Kingdom (C-301/10) on 18 October 2012; there: ruled on Spain's handling of illegal water abstraction
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- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the 2012 case against the United Kingdom; there: Proposer of simplification review
- EU LIFE funding for loggerhead conservation, 2002-2029 European Union · 2002–2029
- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the 2012 case against the United Kingdom; there: Funder through the LIFE programme (CINEA)
- EU LIFE Programme: the EU's dedicated environment and nature fund, 1992 to 2027 European Union · 1992–2027
- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the 2012 case against the United Kingdom; there: Manages LIFE in direct management; author of the 2024 ex-post evaluation
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- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the 2012 case against the United Kingdom; there: Author of the taxonomy rule
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- Allianz (Insurer) — here: Named by Tideway as an owner; there: Participant in the excess programme
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- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the 2012 case against the United Kingdom; there: approved the RWE payment
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- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the 2012 case against the United Kingdom; there: Post-disaster needs assessment with UNEP
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- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the 2012 case against the United Kingdom; there: Reasoned opinion (April 2015); closed the infringement procedure (24 January 2019)
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- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the 2012 case against the United Kingdom; there: Approved the German compensation payment to RWE (13 December 2023)
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- National Audit Office (Public authority) — here: Reviewed the tunnel in 2017; there: Auditor; 2019 estimate reported
- Plastic waste imports into Türkiye (Adana) Türkiye · 2016–2026
- National Audit Office (Public authority) — here: Reviewed the tunnel in 2017; there: Audited the UK packaging recycling obligations (2018)
- Poland takes Germany to EU court over 35,000 tonnes of waste it calls illegal Poland · 2023–2024
- Court of Justice of the European Union (Government) — here: Decided Commission v United Kingdom (C-301/10) on 18 October 2012; there: court
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- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the 2012 case against the United Kingdom; there: Reported the EUR 1.4 billion transfer
- Russian Joint Implementation credits under the Kyoto Protocol, 2009–2012 Russia · 2009–2015
- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the 2012 case against the United Kingdom; there: Regulation 550/2011; EU ETS credit data
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- Allianz (Insurer) — here: Named by Tideway as an owner; there: Civil-liability insurer (about R$70m)
- Sellafield decommissioning and Hanford cleanup budgets United States · 1943–2086
- National Audit Office (Public authority) — here: Reviewed the tunnel in 2017; there: UK auditor reporting on Sellafield
- Spain: environmental liability financial guarantee (EU Directive Art. 14) Spain · 2004
- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the 2012 case against the United Kingdom; there: Evaluated the directive and reported on mandatory financial security
- UK Green Homes Grant: National Audit Office findings United Kingdom · 2021
- National Audit Office (Public authority) — here: Reviewed the tunnel in 2017; there: Auditor; author of the September 2021 report
- UK packaging recycling notes (PRN) system and fraud cases United Kingdom · 2009–2025
- National Audit Office (Public authority) — here: Reviewed the tunnel in 2017; there: Auditor of the PRN/PERN system
- Ukraine's ban on raw-log exports and the EU–Ukraine Association Agreement arbitration, 2015–2026 Ukraine · 2015–2026
- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the 2012 case against the United Kingdom; there: Brought the dispute and published the memo
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- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the 2012 case against the United Kingdom; there: Set rules on use of international credits
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- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the 2012 case against the United Kingdom; there: Regulator; anti-dumping duties; recognition of ISCC
- Vale Brumadinho dam collapse Brazil · 2019–2027
- Allianz (Insurer) — here: Named by Tideway as an owner; there: Civil-liability insurer; led reinsurance consortium (press reports)
- VAT carousel fraud in EU emissions allowance trading (2008–2010) European Union · 2008–2016
- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the 2012 case against the United Kingdom; there: Suspended spot transfers on 19 January 2011 after registry thefts