Arlit and Akokan uranium waste: Cominak closure, remediation provision and radioactivity measurements
- CRIIRAD said in 2023 that radioactive waste had contaminated my groundwater and threatened drinking-water sources in the Arlit area for more than 100,000 people. Nuclear Engineering International
- Drinking water drawn from me in December 2003 had gross alpha activity of 1.0 Bq/l (urban-zone network) and 11 Bq/l (industrial-zone network); CRIIRAD put these at 10 and 110 times the WHO screening value of 0.1 Bq/l. CRIIRAD
- Areva stated in 2003, as quoted by CRIIRAD, that 270 million cubic metres had been pumped from my fossil aquifer since mining began, against reserves estimated in 1968 at 1,300 million cubic metres. CRIIRAD
- Greenpeace reported in May 2010 that uranium exceeded WHO limits in four of five water samples taken in November 2009. Greenpeace
- From 11 December 2010 more than 200,000 litres of radioactive sludge leaked from three cracked waste pools at the Somaïr mine; Aghir In'Man said two hectares were contaminated. Greenpeace
- Niger's Mining Ministry inspectors reported in December 2025 about 400 barrels of radioactive core material at Madaouela near Arlit, with readings up to 10 µSv/h against a normal 0.5 µSv/h. Nuclear Engineering International
- Company or project Orano: Keeps the obligation and the €70 million provision (chief executive Nicolas Maes, 19 February 2025). AFP via Connaissance des Énergies
- Government and regulators Niger's Council of Ministers: Orano abandoned rehabilitation work at Cominak (19 June 2025, as reported by Wakat Séra citing APA). Wakat Séra (citing APA)
- Company or project Cogema, 23 December 2003: Periodic analyses show no contamination (quoted in the CRIIRAD note). CRIIRAD
- Communities and civil society CRIIRAD, 2005: Gross alpha of 1.0 and 11 Bq/l in the two networks sampled in December 2003, 10 and 110 times the WHO screening value of 0.1 Bq/l. CRIIRAD
- Company or project Cominak director general, 2023: The remediation is to leave a safe, healthy and non-polluting site. AFP via Connaissance des Énergies
- Communities and civil society CRIIRAD (Bruno Chareyron): Orano should have sealed the waste off on a secure site; he doubts the planned cover will last as long as needed. Nuclear Engineering International
- Government and regulators Niger's Justice Minister, December 2025: Attributed the barrels to Orano and said Orano would face proceedings. Nuclear Engineering International
- Company or project Orano: It does not hold an operating licence for Madaouela and has conducted no operations there. Nuclear Engineering International
- Press and investigations World Nuclear News, August 2026: Madaouela was a GoviEx permit until 2024. World Nuclear News
The Cominak underground uranium mine in northern Niger stopped production on 31 March 2021 and left about 20 million tonnes of waste beside the towns of Arlit and Akokan. Remediation was reported at €150 million, Orano kept a €70 million provision after losing control in December 2024, and the works were suspended.
About 10 years of works plus at least 5 years of monitoring. After deconsolidating Cominak, Orano kept a €70 million provision for the site (AFP, February 2025).
Status As of October 2026: remediation works suspended since the end of 2024; Niger announced legal proceedings against Orano in January 2026; no filed case reported.
- Cominak shareholders: Orano Mining 59%, SOPAMIN 31%, ENUSA 10% (2021) — More than 40 years of production and 75,000 tonnes of uranium extracted Orano
- Orano — Kept a €70 million provision for rehabilitating the Cominak site after deconsolidation AFP via Connaissance des Énergies
- OURD (Japan) — Contributed 25% of the dismantling and transition estimate when it sold its shares in 2021 Orano
- Land at Arlit and Akokan — About 20 million tonnes of waste on 120 ha, up to 35 m high AFP via Connaissance des Énergies
- Groundwater and drinking water in the Arlit area — Said by CRIIRAD to be contaminated, with sources for more than 100,000 people threatened Nuclear Engineering International
- The fossil aquifer — 270 million m³ pumped since mining began, against reserves estimated in 1968 at 1,300 million m³ CRIIRAD
What happened
Cominak was created in 1974 and began production in 1978. Its board decided on 23 October 2019 to stop mining because the deposit was exhausted, and production stopped on 31 March 2021 after more than 40 years and 75,000 tonnes of uranium extracted, according to Orano's press release of that date. From late February 2021 Orano Mining held 59% of Cominak after buying out the Japanese shareholder OURD; SOPAMIN of Niger held 31% and ENUSA of Spain 10%. OURD contributed 25% of the dismantling and transition estimate when it sold.
Orano's release said remediation of the site should take less than about ten years, followed by environmental monitoring of at least five years, financed in part by a fund built up over several years by Cominak and its shareholders; it gave no amount for the fund. It also described a social component of 5 to 10 years, including the transfer of Cominak-run infrastructure to the State of Niger. A Global Partnership Agreement signed by Niger and Orano on 4 May 2023 covers the remediation of Cominak.
AFP described the remediation design in March 2023: about 20 million tonnes of rock waste and ore residues on 120 hectares, up to 35 metres high, to be reshaped and covered with 2 metres of material described as impermeable (argillite and sandstone), at a cost of €150 million. Orano reported a maximum dose on site of 8.6 mSv per year in 2022; Niger's regulatory limit for miners was cited as 20 mSv per year.
On 1 December 2024 Orano deconsolidated Cominak, Somaïr and Imouraren after losing operational control, and Cominak's rehabilitation work was suspended, according to AFP's report of Orano's statements. Orano kept a €70 million provision that Cominak had carried for rehabilitating the site; its chief executive Nicolas Maes said on 19 February 2025 that Orano keeps the obligation. On 19 June 2025 Niger's Council of Ministers said Orano had abandoned rehabilitation work at Cominak (Wakat Séra, citing APA). In May 2026 Niger created TSUMCO (Teloua Safeguarding Uranium Mining Company), named after the aquifer beneath the former Cominak mine.
Radioactivity around Arlit and Akokan has been measured by non-governmental groups and by Niger's mining ministry. CRIIRAD's note of 20 April 2005, prepared with Aghir In'Man and Sherpa, reported gross alpha activity in drinking water sampled in December 2003 of 1.0 Bq/l (urban-zone network) and 11 Bq/l (industrial-zone network), which CRIIRAD put at 10 and 110 times the WHO screening value of 0.1 Bq/l. Greenpeace's 'Left in the Dust' (May 2010), based on sampling in November 2009 with CRIIRAD and the Nigerien network ROTAB, found uranium above WHO limits in four of five water samples. More than 200,000 litres of radioactive sludge leaked from three cracked waste pools at the Somaïr mine from 11 December 2010, according to Greenpeace. In December 2025 Niger's Mining Ministry inspectors reported about 400 barrels of radioactive core material at Madaouela near Arlit, with readings up to 10 µSv/h against a normal 0.5 µSv/h. Orano told Reuters it does not hold an operating licence for Madaouela and has conducted no operations there.
- 1974Cominak created; production starts in 1978
- 2003CRIIRAD and Sherpa mission (December); drinking-water and scrap-metal samples taken in Arlit
- 2005CRIIRAD note 0517 published (20 April)
- 2010Greenpeace 'Left in the Dust' (May), based on sampling of November 2009; leak of more than 200,000 litres of radioactive sludge at Somaïr from 11 December
- 2019Cominak board decides to stop mining (23 October)
- 2021Production stops (31 March); Orano Mining holds 59% from late February
- 2023AFP describes the remediation design and the €150 million cost (15 March); Global Partnership Agreement covers Cominak remediation (4 May)
- 2024Orano deconsolidates Cominak; rehabilitation work suspended (1 December)
- 2025Orano says it keeps the €70 million provision (19 February); Niger says Orano abandoned rehabilitation (19 June); Niger reports barrels at Madaouela (December)
- 2026Niger's Justice Minister announces proceedings against Orano (January); TSUMCO created (May)
What was said
“A new era is opening for the COMINAK mine, which Orano is supporting to ensure a lasting social, societal and environmental transition”
“a safe, healthy and non-polluting site, in line with national standards and international recommendations”
“natural radiation doses here are lower than in some other regions”
“there is no proven case of radioactivity-related illness”
“the biggest negative legacy uranium mining has left us”
“a sword of Damocles for the drinking-water supply”
“Orano should have sealed it off on a secure site, but this was not done”
“There is distrust, doubt and fear about radioactivity in our town; that is normal”
“we keep the obligation”
“This illegal dump illustrates Orano's persistent disregard for Niger and its people since the beginning of uranium mining”
“does not hold an operating license for the Madaouela site and has conducted no operations there”
“the bad practices at the AREVA uranium mines in Niger continue to threaten the health and safety of people”
Where accounts differ
Each party's account, side by side, with its source. The record does not settle these points; it shows them.
Keeps the obligation and the €70 million provision (chief executive Nicolas Maes, 19 February 2025).
AFP via Connaissance des ÉnergiesOrano abandoned rehabilitation work at Cominak (19 June 2025, as reported by Wakat Séra citing APA).
Wakat Séra (citing APA)The remediation is to leave a safe, healthy and non-polluting site.
AFP via Connaissance des ÉnergiesOrano should have sealed the waste off on a secure site; he doubts the planned cover will last as long as needed.
Nuclear Engineering InternationalThere is no proven case of radioactivity-related illness in the Arlit region.
AFP via Connaissance des ÉnergiesOut of 2,000 consultations, about ten occupational diseases attributable to radiation were detected; six were recognised by its medical committee.
AFP via Connaissance des ÉnergiesPeople live 7 km from the pits and some are ill.
AFP via Connaissance des ÉnergiesAttributed the barrels to Orano and said Orano would face proceedings.
Nuclear Engineering InternationalIt does not hold an operating licence for Madaouela and has conducted no operations there.
Nuclear Engineering InternationalMadaouela was a GoviEx permit until 2024.
World Nuclear NewsReported the announcement in December 2025.
Ecofin AgencyReported the same measurements (7–10 µSv/h; bismuth-207) from a press conference on 4 February 2026.
La Nouvelle TribuneHow it looked
Shown
- Periodic analyses 'show no contamination'Cogema statement of 23 December 2003, as quoted in the CRIIRAD note · CRIIRAD
- Free access for the Greenpeace delegation in a 'full transparency' processAreva, February 2011, in its publication 'AREVA and Niger: a sustainable partnership' · AREVA
- A remediation to leave 'a safe, healthy and non-polluting site'Cominak director general, 2023 · AFP via Connaissance des Énergies
Recorded
- About 20 million tonnes of rock waste and ore residues on 120 hectares, up to 35 metres high, accumulated over more than 40 years (AFP, 2023).
- Orano's 2021 release states that the works are financed in part by a fund built up by Cominak and its shareholders; no amount is given.
- After deconsolidation Orano kept a €70 million provision for rehabilitating the Cominak site.
- Orano's 2025 Annual Activity Report (Note 34, Niger) gives no Niger-specific provision and no Cominak remediation figure.
- Gross alpha in drinking water, December 2003: 1.0 Bq/l (urban zone) and 11 Bq/l (industrial zone), against a WHO screening value of 0.1 Bq/l (CRIIRAD).
- Greenpeace found uranium above WHO limits in four of five water samples taken in November 2009.
Who gained
Reached nature or the ground
Gained elsewhere
Responses on record
- orano (31 March 2021): The Cominak closure opens a new era that Orano is supporting to ensure a lasting social, societal and environmental transition; remediation should take less than about ten years followed by at least five years of monitoring. · Orano
- orano (2023): Orano's Gilles Récoché said there is no proven case of radioactivity-related illness in the Arlit region. · AFP via Connaissance des Énergies
- orano (19 February 2025): After deconsolidation Orano keeps the obligation to rehabilitate Cominak and the €70 million provision. · AFP via Connaissance des Énergies
- orano (December 2025): Told Reuters that it does not hold an operating licence for the Madaouela site and has conducted no operations there. · Nuclear Engineering International
- cominak (2023): The director general said the aim is a safe, healthy and non-polluting site in line with national standards and international recommendations. · AFP via Connaissance des Énergies
- niger-government (19 June 2025): Orano abandoned rehabilitation work at Cominak. · Wakat Séra (citing APA)
- niger-government (January 2026): Niger decided to start legal proceedings against Orano before national and foreign courts and set up an expert committee to document and quantify the alleged harm to health, environment and economy. · Le360 Afrique
- greenpeace (2010): Called for a full independent study, which it said had not been done. · Greenpeace
In court and with insurers
Lawsuits and rulings
- Outcome not on recordNiger's announced proceedings against Orano (health, environment, economy)National and foreign courts (not specified) · Civil · Government of Niger → Orano
In early January 2026 Justice Minister Alio Daouda set up an expert committee to document and quantify allegations against Orano on health, environment and economy, and said Niger had decided to start legal proceedings before national and foreign courts. Ecofin (5 December 2025) reported him saying Orano refused to comply with Nigerien court rulings ordering the removal of 'several million tons' of radioactive waste; the rulings were not identified. No filed case, court or case number has been reported. Le360 Afrique
Insurers
What nature saw
Nature's report opens this page. Below: further outcomes measured on the ground.
What we don't know
Nature
Money
- None on record Cominak remediation fund built up by Cominak and its shareholders — No amount given in Orano's 2021 release.
Court
- Unclear Niger's announced proceedings against Orano (health, environment, economy): outcome not on record.
Accounts
Record
- Not disclosed Not disclosed: the amount in the Cominak remediation fund, and the amount OURD contributed (25% of the dismantling and transition estimate); Orano's 2021 release gives neither.
- None on record None on record: a Cominak-specific provision or progress figure in Orano's 2025 Annual Activity Report (Note 34, Niger).
- Disputed Figures differ: AFP (March 2023) gives a remediation cost of €150 million over about 10 years; Afrik21 (March 2021) attributed 95 billion CFA francs (about €145 million) over 15 years to the Cominak director; Africanews (March 2023) gives about $160 million over 10 years.
- Disputed Figures differ: Orano's 2021 release gives Orano Mining 59% of Cominak; AFP (2025) gives 69%.
- Self-reported only Self-reported only: the maximum on-site dose of 8.6 mSv per year in 2022 is Orano's own figure.
- Insufficient Insufficient: CRIIRAD described its 2004–2005 sampling as preliminary work needing deeper study, and Greenpeace called for a full independent study, which it said had not been done.
- None on record None on record: a full measurement report from Niger for the December 2025 inspection at Madaouela.
- Not disclosed Not disclosed: the amount of Niger's compensation claim against Orano; the Justice Minister said Niger would seek compensation 'for all losses' (Ecofin) without an amount.
- None on record None on record: a filed case, court or case number for the proceedings Niger announced against Orano in January 2026, or the Nigerien court rulings on waste removal that the Justice Minister said Orano refused to comply with (Ecofin).
- Disputed Disputed: who completes and pays for the Cominak remediation after December 2024; Orano says it keeps the obligation and the provision, Niger says Orano abandoned the work.
Did the harm stop?
Mining ended on 31 March 2021. The waste remains on site, and Cominak's rehabilitation work was suspended after December 2024, according to AFP's report of Orano's statements.
Who paid?
The remediation is financed in part by a fund built up by Cominak and its shareholders, in an amount not disclosed. Orano kept a €70 million provision for the site after deconsolidation. Niger said in June 2025 that Orano had abandoned the work.
Sources
Company or project
- Orano signs a general partnership agreement with the government of NigerOrano · 2023-05-04
- Annual Activity Report 2025, Note 34 (Niger)Orano · 2026
- New publication: AREVA and Niger: a sustainable partnershipAREVA · 2011-02-22
- Annual Activity Report 2024, p. 342 (Note 5)Orano · 2025
Press and investigations
- Au Niger, les millions de tonnes de déchets d'une mine d'uranium font peur malgré les travaux de réaménagementAFP via Connaissance des Énergies · 2023-03-15
- Orano sceptique sur un redémarrage rapide de sa production d'uranium au NigerAFP via Connaissance des Énergies · 2025-02-19
- Niger: la société des mines SOMAIR nationaliséeWakat Séra (citing APA) · 2025-06-20
- Niger escalates dispute with Orano by revoking historic uranium licenseEcofin Agency · 2026-05-19
- Niger awards Arlit uranium mining permit to state-owned companyWorld Nuclear News · 2026-08
- Uranium mining waste threatens Niger's water supplyNuclear Engineering International · 2023-01-27
- Niger targets Orano over radwasteNuclear Engineering International · 2025-12-10
- Niger-Orano dispute escalates: company now accused of radioactive waste mismanagementEcofin Agency · 2025-12-05
- Uranium au Niger: Niamey traîne Orano en justice pour « désastre écologique »La Nouvelle Tribune · 2026-02-05
- Uranium: « Nous n'avons hérité que de déchets toxiques », à Niamey la bataille juridique contre OranoLe360 Afrique · 2026-02-13
Communities and civil society
- Report: Left in the Dust (media archive entry)Greenpeace · 2010-05
- Radioactive spill at AREVA uranium mine in Niger (archived blog)Greenpeace · 2010-12-18
Connected cases
- Somaïr nationalisation, Orano's ICSID arbitration and the Niger uranium stock Niger · 2023–2026 Related matter
- Orano (Company) — here: Majority shareholder of Cominak (59% in 2021); kept the €70 million rehabilitation provision; there: Majority shareholder of Somaïr (63.4%); claimant in ICSID ARB/25/8
- SOPAMIN (Company) — here: Niger's state mining company; 31% shareholder in 2021; there: Niger's state mining company; 36.6% shareholder in Somaïr
- Government of Niger (Government) — here: Said Orano abandoned the rehabilitation; announced proceedings; there: Nationalised Somaïr; cancelled the Arlit concession
- Aïr and Ténéré Natural Reserves, World Heritage in Danger: mining permits, gold panning and the funding gap Niger · 2025–2026
- Government of Niger (Government) — here: Said Orano abandoned the rehabilitation; announced proceedings; there: State Party; steps to revoke three mining permits
- Alliance to End Plastic Waste and Renew Oceans (Ganges) India · 2019–2026
- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Water sampling in 2009; report 'Left in the Dust' (2010); there: Its Unearthed unit published the 2024 comparison
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- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Water sampling in 2009; report 'Left in the Dust' (2010); there: Greenpeace Russia: contested the platform's spill-response plan
- Avacha Bay marine die-off, Kamchatka, autumn 2020 Russia · 2020–2022
- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Water sampling in 2009; report 'Left in the Dust' (2010); there: NGO; Greenpeace Russia satellite analysis
- Baikal Natural Territory: expertise exemptions and clear-cutting rules Russia · 2020–2026
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- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Water sampling in 2009; report 'Left in the Dust' (2010); there: Co-applicant against Decree No. 1 (Greenpeace Russia)
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- Daldykan River turns red near Norilsk, September 2016 Russia · 2016
- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Water sampling in 2009; report 'Left in the Dust' (2010); there: Greenpeace Russia commented on the incident
- EDF spying on Greenpeace (France) France · 2011–2013
- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Water sampling in 2009; report 'Left in the Dust' (2010); there: Organisation placed under surveillance; awarded damages at first instance
- Energy Transfer v Greenpeace (Dakota Access) United States · 2017–2026
- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Water sampling in 2009; report 'Left in the Dust' (2010); there: Defendant in the federal suit
- ESPO oil pipeline rerouted away from the Baikal shore (2006) Russia · 2005–2008
- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Water sampling in 2009; report 'Left in the Dust' (2010); there: Co-authored a report on the pipeline's harm (Greenpeace Russia)
- EU bans three neonicotinoid pesticides outdoors in 2018; Turkey follows in part European Union · 2018
- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Water sampling in 2009; report 'Left in the Dust' (2010); there: campaigner and reporter on exports
- EU seal-product ban's Inuit exemption found ineffective Canada · 2014
- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Water sampling in 2009; report 'Left in the Dust' (2010); there: Campaigner; apology issuer (unconfirmed)
- Goumeri W-8 well eruption at the Agadem oil block, Niger (2026) Niger · 2026
- Government of Niger (Government) — here: Said Orano abandoned the rehabilitation; announced proceedings; there: Ministry of Petroleum; announced the investigation and precautionary measures
- Greenpeace leaves the Forest Stewardship Council in 2018 Global · 2018
- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Water sampling in 2009; report 'Left in the Dust' (2010); there: Organisation that ended its FSC membership
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- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Water sampling in 2009; report 'Left in the Dust' (2010); there: complainant; reported the funding figures
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- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Water sampling in 2009; report 'Left in the Dust' (2010); there: Campaign group that criticised the plan
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- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Water sampling in 2009; report 'Left in the Dust' (2010); there: critic; published satellite analysis
- Khimki forest and the M11 Moscow–St Petersburg toll motorway (km 15–58) Russia · 2007–2025
- Sherpa (NGO) — here: Co-author of the CRIIRAD mission; paid the February 2005 water analyses; there: Complainant in France (2013, 2016)
- Lukoil-Komi oil spills in the Usinsk area and the Kolva River, 2011–2023, damage claims and payments Russia · 2011–2023
- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Water sampling in 2009; report 'Left in the Dust' (2010); there: Documented chronic spills; third party in the 2012 administrative case
- McKinsey advice to COP28 presidency and fossil clients United Arab Emirates · 2011–2025
- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Water sampling in 2009; report 'Left in the Dust' (2010); there: Author of the 2011 report on McKinsey's cost curves
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- Nornickel Sulphur Programme: SO2 targets, spending and measured emissions at Norilsk and Kola Russia · 2015–2026
- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Water sampling in 2009; report 'Left in the Dust' (2010); there: Ranked SO2 hotspots using NASA data (August 2019)
- Plastic waste imports into Türkiye (Adana) Türkiye · 2016–2026
- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Water sampling in 2009; report 'Left in the Dust' (2010); there: Reported UK plastic at Adana dumping sites (2021)
- Raja Ampat nickel licences revoked Indonesia · 2025
- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Water sampling in 2009; report 'Left in the Dust' (2010); there: Campaign organisation; reported more than 500 hectares destroyed
- Resolute Forest Products v Greenpeace Canada · 2012–2024
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- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Water sampling in 2009; report 'Left in the Dust' (2010); there: Declared undesirable and closed in Russia
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- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Water sampling in 2009; report 'Left in the Dust' (2010); there: Declared undesirable on 19 May 2023
- Russia's forest-fire control zones and federal fire-service funding Russia · 2015–2026
- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Water sampling in 2009; report 'Left in the Dust' (2010); there: Greenpeace Russia: commentary and satellite-based estimates
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- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Water sampling in 2009; report 'Left in the Dust' (2010); there: Defendant; paid the RNLI and accepted exclusion zones
- Siberian wildfire season of 2019: Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk and Yakutia Russia · 2019
- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Water sampling in 2009; report 'Left in the Dust' (2010); there: Greenpeace Russia: funding and damage-accounting commentary
- Socfin and Socapalm defamation suits against French media and NGOs fail France · 2019
- Sherpa (NGO) — here: Co-author of the CRIIRAD mission; paid the February 2005 water analyses; there: Defendant
- Socfin and Socapalm lose French defamation suit against media and NGOs France · 2019
- Sherpa (NGO) — here: Co-author of the CRIIRAD mission; paid the February 2005 water analyses; there: defendant
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- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Water sampling in 2009; report 'Left in the Dust' (2010); there: Resigned as Olympstroy adviser in 2010 (Greenpeace Russia)
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- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Water sampling in 2009; report 'Left in the Dust' (2010); there: Took samples at the discharge on 25 June 2020
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- Government of Niger (Government) — here: Said Orano abandoned the rehabilitation; announced proceedings; there: Announced the boundary change on 26 June 2019
- Tukolon reserve sanitary logging conviction in Irkutsk Oblast Russia · 2018–2024
- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Water sampling in 2009; report 'Left in the Dust' (2010); there: Prompted the Rosleskhoz check
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