Black Sea dolphin and porpoise deaths since 2022
- Between 27 April and 31 July 2022, 37,500–48,000 of my cetaceans were estimated to have died, according to a peer-reviewed paper; the authors call this a rough and conservative estimation. Biology Letters 19(4):20220562 (Węgrzyn, Rusev, Tańska, Miedviedieva, Kagalo, Leniowski)
- At Tuzly Lagoons my shore held 0.7 dead or nearly dead animals per km in spring and summer 2022, against 0.05 per km in the same months of 2015–2021, according to the paper. Biology Letters 19(4):20220562 (Węgrzyn, Rusev, Tańska, Miedviedieva, Kagalo, Leniowski)
- My harbour porpoise population was estimated at 90,970 in 2019. University of Rzeszów
- In June 2026 the Tuzly Lagoons park physically recorded 56 dead dolphins on my shore in one month. Korabelov.info
- More than 80 people died.TÜDAV, western Black Sea coast of Türkiye, Ormanlı to Sinop, from late February to 26 March 2022; examined animals had drowned in nets.
- More than 600 people died.ACCOBAMS SC15 report: observed on the coasts of Bulgaria, Romania, Türkiye and Ukraine.
- 914 people died.CEOBS: western Black Sea, February–December 2022; 125 on Ukraine's coast.
- 282 people died.“Bezmyatezhnoe More” centre, Sevastopol, January–May 2022, plus 41 live-stranded (Meduza).
- More than 400 people died.“Delfa” centre, Sochi, in five months of 2022, plus 50 live-stranded; about 350 cases in all of 2021 (Meduza).
- 56 people died.Physically recorded in the Tuzly Lagoons park area in June 2026.
- 44 people died.Tuzly Lagoons park, start of hostilities to end of July 2022; 3 in the same period before the war.
- 31 people died.Found in Ukraine as of 4 September 2023, against 110 at the same point in 2022 (UkrSCES).
- Researchers Ivan Rusev, Tuzly Lagoons National Nature Park: Carcasses were outwardly intact and without net marks; he attributed the deaths to military sonar, mines and explosions, with infection killing weakened animals. Mediacenter Ukraine
- Researchers Biology Letters authors (Węgrzyn, Rusev and others): Discuss blast wounds, sonar-linked micro-lesions, starvation and hypothermia, morbillivirus (PCR-confirmed in 2 of 6 dolphins) and decompression sickness; rule out fishing because it had ceased and carcasses lacked net marks. Biology Letters 19(4):20220562 (Węgrzyn, Rusev, Tańska, Miedviedieva, Kagalo, Leniowski)
- Communities and civil society TÜDAV (Türkiye): The animals examined on the western Black Sea coast drowned in nets; the reason for the entanglements was not yet clear, and intense military activity in the north was among possible drivers. CNN Türk
- International bodies ACCOBAMS Scientific Committee: Blast injury, displacement and stress, interaction with fisheries, infection outbreak, habitat degradation, or a combination, all remain at the level of hypotheses. ACCOBAMS Scientific Committee
- Researchers Irina Suvorova, “Bezmyatezhnoe More” centre, Crimea: With a high degree of probability an outbreak of morbillivirus; she saw no signs of concussion and noted deaths also on the Krasnodar and Abkhazia coasts, where there was no fighting. Current Time
- Researchers Tatyana Beley, “Delfa” centre, Sochi: Named a probable epizootic and also fishing. Meduza
- Researchers Irina Logominova, Karadag Station: Nothing abnormal was happening; “We cannot say this is some sort of acute, widespread infection”. Meduza
- Communities and civil society Green Balkans (Bulgaria), Dimitar Popov: “Increased noise levels as a result of the war could have led to displacement of cetaceans to the south”. Mongabay (E. Fitt)
- International bodies ACCOBAMS Scientific Committee: More than 600 deaths observed in 2022 on the coasts of Bulgaria, Romania, Türkiye and Ukraine, compiled from national reports and stranding networks. ACCOBAMS Scientific Committee
- Communities and civil society CEOBS: 914 deaths in the western Black Sea in February–December 2022, 125 on Ukraine's coast. CEOBS (L. Svolkinas)
- Researchers Biology Letters authors: 37,500–48,000 deaths between 27 April and 31 July 2022, from social-media carcass reports and an assumed recovery rate of 6.2–8%. Biology Letters 19(4):20220562 (Węgrzyn, Rusev, Tańska, Miedviedieva, Kagalo, Leniowski)
- Researchers Ivan Rusev, Tuzly Lagoons National Nature Park: More than 50,000 dolphins died in 2022, assuming 5% of dead dolphins wash ashore. Mediacenter Ukraine
- Researchers Tuzly Lagoons National Nature Park: About 100,000 cetaceans of three species may have died in the Black and Azov Seas since February 2022; no method stated. Korabelov.info
- Communities and civil society TÜDAV (Türkiye): Animals examined on Türkiye's western Black Sea coast in March 2022 drowned in fishing nets. CNN Türk
- Researchers Biology Letters authors: Fishing in the Black Sea had completely ceased since the war started and carcasses lacked net marks. Biology Letters 19(4):20220562 (Węgrzyn, Rusev, Tańska, Miedviedieva, Kagalo, Leniowski)
- International bodies ACCOBAMS SC15 report: In Georgia about 20 of 25 strandings were bycatch; Bulgarian turbot-fishery bycatch peaked in spring 2022. ACCOBAMS Scientific Committee
Monitoring networks counted hundreds of dead dolphins and porpoises on Black Sea coasts in 2022, and published estimates of total deaths range from 37,500 to about 100,000, depending on the method. Ukrainian, Turkish, Bulgarian and Russian-side specialists give different causes.
Estimate. Biology Letters, April 2023; the authors call it a “rough and conservative estimation”. Carcasses counted on coasts in 2022: about 600 (ACCOBAMS) to 914 (CEOBS).
Status As of July 2026: the Tuzly Lagoons park reported 56 dead dolphins for June 2026; post-mortem results were not public as of December 2025 and no outcome of the Odesa prosecutors' inquiry is on record.
- Harbour porpoise, common dolphin and bottlenose dolphin of the Black Sea — Deaths in the thousands according to the estimates; 914 counted in the western Black Sea in 2022 (CEOBS) CEOBS (L. Svolkinas)
- Danube Delta coast (Romania) — Up to 30 dead dolphins on one Sulina beach on 9 May 2022 Mongabay (E. Fitt)
What happened
After the full-scale invasion began in February 2022, more dead dolphins and porpoises than usual washed ashore around the western and northern Black Sea. The Turkish Marine Research Foundation (TÜDAV) reported on 26 March 2022 more than 80 dead common dolphins on Türkiye's western Black Sea coast since the last week of February. Russian-side stranding centres reported high counts too: the “Bezmyatezhnoe More” centre in Sevastopol recorded 282 dead and 41 live-stranded animals from the start of 2022 to early June, and the “Delfa” centre in Sochi recorded more than 400 dead and 50 live in five months, against about 350 cases in all of 2021 (Meduza, 5 June 2022).
Counts of carcasses and estimates of total deaths differ by method. The ACCOBAMS Scientific Committee report of April 2023 gave “more than 600 deaths” observed in 2022 on the coasts of Bulgaria, Romania, Türkiye and Ukraine. Karina Vishnyakova of the Ukrainian Scientific Centre of Ecology of the Sea told Mongabay (December 2022) of about 900 confirmed stranded marine mammals across the four countries, “surely an undercount”. CEOBS (December 2025) gave 914 deaths in the western Black Sea in February–December 2022, 125 of them on Ukraine's coast, and a mortality “2.2 times greater” than in 2019–2021. Extrapolations are far larger: Ivan Rusev of Tuzly Lagoons National Nature Park said in October 2022 that more than 50,000 dolphins had died, scaling the count of about 2,500 carcasses on the assumption that 5% of dead dolphins wash ashore; a Biology Letters paper (Węgrzyn, Rusev and colleagues, published 5 April 2023) estimated 37,500–48,000 deaths between 27 April and 31 July 2022; and the park said on 1 July 2026 that about 100,000 cetaceans of three species may have died in the Black and Azov Seas since the full-scale invasion, without stating a method.
Causes are proposed differently by each source. Rusev said the carcasses he examined were outwardly intact and without net marks and attributed the deaths to military sonar, mines and explosions. The Biology Letters authors discussed blast wounds, micro-lesions in the melon of some dolphins that they link to sonar exposure, starvation and hypothermia, morbillivirus confirmed by PCR in 2 of 6 dolphins, and decompression sickness, and ruled out fishing because, in their words, fishing “has completely ceased since the war started”. TÜDAV said the animals it examined had drowned in nets and listed military activity in the north among possible drivers. The ACCOBAMS report of 2023 stated that blast injury, displacement and stress, fisheries interaction, infection, habitat degradation or a combination “all remain at the level of hypotheses”. Russian-side specialists named an outbreak of morbillivirus (Irina Suvorova), an epizootic and fishing (Tatyana Beley), or said nothing abnormal was happening (Irina Logominova of the Karadag Station). CEOBS wrote in December 2025 that post-mortem results from European laboratories “have not been made public” and that “the dominant hypothesis is that marine warfare was to blame”.
The breach of the Kakhovka dam in June 2023 was named as a further pathway. Viktor Komorin of the Ukrainian Scientific Center for Marine Ecology reported copper and zinc well above typical levels, plus arsenic and chlorine compounds, in samples; Andriy Yermak, head of the Office of the President of Ukraine, said on 20 June 2023 that over 150 official cases of dolphin deaths had been recorded on the Bulgarian and Turkish coasts. CEOBS (2025) wrote that contaminants in grey mullet “significantly exceeded EU maximum permissible concentrations” after the floods, and listed other pressures: Danube Delta shipping traffic up 600% in 2023, Kerch Bridge fortifications and noise, bycatch in Turkish waters and drifting mines. CEOBS also stated that the December 2024 Kerch Strait spill from two fleet support vessels caused cetacean deaths.
Access for monitoring is restricted: Rusev said in July 2022 that only 3–5% of the coast could be monitored compared with before the war. The Odesa Regional Prosecutor's Office opened an inquiry into the deaths in July 2022 as possible ecocide under Ukrainian law, according to Mongabay; no charge or outcome is on record. In December 2022 the parties to ACCOBAMS adopted Resolutions 8.12 and 8.17, and in December 2024 the Scientific Committee recommended a post-war recovery plan. No sum has been assigned to the cetacean deaths.
- 2022Unusual strandings from late February; TÜDAV reports more than 80 deaths (26 Mar); Rusev says 3–5% of the coast can be monitored (July); Odesa prosecutors open an inquiry (July); Rusev's 50,000 estimate (21 Oct); ACCOBAMS MOP8 adopts Resolutions 8.12 and 8.17 (December); President Zelenskyy raises ecocide at CBD COP15 (7 Dec)
- 2023Biology Letters estimate of 37,500–48,000 deaths (5 Apr); ACCOBAMS SC15 report (20 Apr); Kakhovka dam breach in June; Yermak cites over 150 dolphin deaths on Bulgarian and Turkish coasts (20 Jun); 31 dead dolphins found in Ukraine by 4 Sep against 110 at the same point in 2022
- 2024ACCOBAMS Scientific Committee recommends a post-war recovery plan (December)
- 2026Tuzly Lagoons park records 56 dead dolphins in June and says about 100,000 cetaceans may have died since February 2022 (1 July)
What was said
“It means that they died due to the influence of military sonars.”
“Such a number of shellshocked animals in the history of the Black Sea cetaceans has not yet been recorded”
“With a high degree of probability, we are observing an outbreak of morbillivirus”
“We cannot say this is some sort of acute, widespread infection”
“fishing in the Black Sea has completely ceased since the war started”
“For now, blast injury, displacement and stress, interaction with fisheries, infection outbreak, habitat degradation due to military actions, or a combination of these factors all remain at the level of hypotheses.”
“intense ship noise and low-frequency sonar are a serious threat. especially to dolphins”
“the dominant hypothesis is that marine warfare was to blame”
“Over 150 official cases have been recorded”
“Above all, Ukrainian and regional experts need the financial resources to support these activities”
Where accounts differ
Each party's account, side by side, with its source. The record does not settle these points; it shows them.
Carcasses were outwardly intact and without net marks; he attributed the deaths to military sonar, mines and explosions, with infection killing weakened animals.
Mediacenter UkraineDiscuss blast wounds, sonar-linked micro-lesions, starvation and hypothermia, morbillivirus (PCR-confirmed in 2 of 6 dolphins) and decompression sickness; rule out fishing because it had ceased and carcasses lacked net marks.
Biology Letters 19(4):20220562 (Węgrzyn, Rusev, Tańska, Miedviedieva, Kagalo, Leniowski)The animals examined on the western Black Sea coast drowned in nets; the reason for the entanglements was not yet clear, and intense military activity in the north was among possible drivers.
CNN TürkBlast injury, displacement and stress, interaction with fisheries, infection outbreak, habitat degradation, or a combination, all remain at the level of hypotheses.
ACCOBAMS Scientific CommitteeWith a high degree of probability an outbreak of morbillivirus; she saw no signs of concussion and noted deaths also on the Krasnodar and Abkhazia coasts, where there was no fighting.
Current TimeNothing abnormal was happening; “We cannot say this is some sort of acute, widespread infection”.
Meduza“Increased noise levels as a result of the war could have led to displacement of cetaceans to the south”.
Mongabay (E. Fitt)More than 600 deaths observed in 2022 on the coasts of Bulgaria, Romania, Türkiye and Ukraine, compiled from national reports and stranding networks.
ACCOBAMS Scientific Committee914 deaths in the western Black Sea in February–December 2022, 125 on Ukraine's coast.
CEOBS (L. Svolkinas)37,500–48,000 deaths between 27 April and 31 July 2022, from social-media carcass reports and an assumed recovery rate of 6.2–8%.
Biology Letters 19(4):20220562 (Węgrzyn, Rusev, Tańska, Miedviedieva, Kagalo, Leniowski)More than 50,000 dolphins died in 2022, assuming 5% of dead dolphins wash ashore.
Mediacenter UkraineAbout 100,000 cetaceans of three species may have died in the Black and Azov Seas since February 2022; no method stated.
Korabelov.infoAnimals examined on Türkiye's western Black Sea coast in March 2022 drowned in fishing nets.
CNN TürkFishing in the Black Sea had completely ceased since the war started and carcasses lacked net marks.
Biology Letters 19(4):20220562 (Węgrzyn, Rusev, Tańska, Miedviedieva, Kagalo, Leniowski)In Georgia about 20 of 25 strandings were bycatch; Bulgarian turbot-fishery bycatch peaked in spring 2022.
ACCOBAMS Scientific CommitteeHow it looked
Shown
- “Tens of thousands of dolphins died in the Black Sea waters as a result of war” (headline of the Mediacenter Ukraine report on Rusev's briefing)Mediacenter Ukraine, 21 October 2022 · Mediacenter Ukraine
- “56 dead dolphins found in one month” (headline of the Korabelov.info report on the park's June 2026 count)Korabelov.info, 1 July 2026 · Korabelov.info
Recorded
- All three Black Sea cetacean subspecies are affected: harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena relicta), short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis ponticus) and bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus ponticus). CEOBS put the 2022 mortality in the western Black Sea at 59% harbour porpoise, 26% common dolphin and 10% bottlenose dolphin.
- Tuzly Lagoons National Nature Park recorded 44 carcasses from the start of hostilities to the end of July 2022, against 3 in the same period before the war.
- In the Biology Letters paper, Tuzly Lagoons recorded 32 dead or nearly dead animals over 44 km (0.7 per km) between 27 April and 31 July 2022, against a 2015–2021 May–July peacetime average of 0.05 per km, a 14-fold increase.
- The Biology Letters paper extrapolates from about 2,500 carcasses in online and social-media reports to about 3,000 beached carcasses on 5,800 km of coast, then divides by an assumed carcass recovery rate of 6.2–8%. It puts the estimate at “one-sixth to one-fifth” of a population of about 253,000 (ACCOBAMS 2021). The authors state that citizen-science data “may be not as precise as traditional scientific approaches”, that reports of “many” carcasses were counted as 10, and that the validation site covers only 44 km.
- The harbour porpoise population was estimated at 90,970 in 2019.
- Over 1,000 km of coast was inaccessible because of hostilities or occupation, according to Rubryka's report of July 2022.
- ACCOBAMS SC15 report: Bulgarian surveys (Green Balkans, OceanCare-supported) found the highest porpoise and bottlenose abundance in spring 2022, with a “working hypothesis” of displacement by the war and noise in the northern Black Sea; the Bulgarian turbot-fishery bycatch peaked in spring 2022; in Georgia about 20 of 25 strandings were bycatch; boat surveys were hindered by the danger of drifting mines.
- Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve (Romania): up to 30 dead dolphins on one Sulina beach on 9 May 2022 and more than 100 unreported strandings in the Romanian Danube Delta, as reported by Mongabay.
- Ukrainian monitoring (UkrSCES) found 31 dead dolphins in Ukraine as of 4 September 2023, against 110 at the same point in 2022.
- Pavel Gol'din of the Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology (National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine) performed necropsies, found haemorrhaging and tissue damage in echolocation organs and sent samples to European laboratories.
- After the Kakhovka breach, autopsies of two porpoises ruled out fishing gear, fungal infections, injuries and wounds; Gol'din said: “We don't yet understand the reason for this”.
- CEOBS stated that contaminants in grey mullet “significantly exceeded EU maximum permissible concentrations” after the Kakhovka floods, and that the December 2024 Kerch Strait spill from two fleet support vessels caused cetacean deaths.
- The State Environmental Inspectorate (South-Western District) put damage to the Odesa region's marine environment from the war at more than UAH 23 billion, without a breakdown or method.
Who gained
Reached nature or the ground
Gained elsewhere
Responses on record
- Odesa Regional Prosecutor's Office (December 2022): Did not respond to Mongabay's request about its inquiry. · Mongabay (E. Fitt)
- Russia (delegate Rebrikov at CBD COP15) (7 December 2022): Said the allegations of ecocide were “outside the scope” of the meeting. · Mongabay (E. Fitt)
- TÜDAV (Türkiye) (26 March 2022): The animals it examined had drowned in nets; why they gathered in the area and why entanglements rose was “not yet clear”, and it listed climate, unusual ship traffic, fish migration and intense underwater and surface military activity in the north among possible drivers. · CNN Türk
In court and with insurers
Lawsuits and rulings
- 2022–OngoingOdesa Regional Prosecutor's Office inquiry into cetacean deathsOdesa Regional Prosecutor's Office (pre-trial inquiry) · Criminal · Odesa Regional Prosecutor's Office → None named
Mongabay reported in December 2022 that the office had launched an inquiry in July 2022 into the deaths as possible ecocide under Ukrainian law, with the necropsies as part of it. The office did not respond to Mongabay. No charge or outcome is on record. Mongabay (E. Fitt)
Insurers
What nature saw
Nature's report opens this page. Below: further outcomes measured on the ground.
What we don't know
Nature
Record
- Not disclosed Not disclosed: Post-mortem results from the European laboratories that received samples from the necropsies had not been made public as of December 2025 (CEOBS).
- Unclear Unclear: The cause of the 2022 deaths. The ACCOBAMS report of 2023 lists blast injury, displacement and stress, fisheries interaction, infection outbreak and habitat degradation as hypotheses.
- Not disclosed Not disclosed: The method behind the park's July 2026 figure of about 100,000 cetacean deaths.
- Disputed Figures differ: About 600 (ACCOBAMS) and 914 (CEOBS) deaths counted in 2022, against 37,500–48,000 (Biology Letters) and more than 50,000 (Rusev) estimated; the gap comes from the assumed share of dead animals that wash ashore (5% in Rusev's calculation; 6.2–8% in the paper).
- Insufficient Insufficient: The Mediacenter Ukraine report on the 50,000 estimate states that no data from the Russian side were available.
- None on record None on record: A charge or outcome from the Odesa prosecutors' inquiry.
- None on record None on record: A monetary valuation of the cetacean deaths.
Did the harm stop?
Deaths were still being recorded in June 2026: Tuzly Lagoons National Nature Park counted 56 dead dolphins that month.
Who paid?
None on record.
Sources
Press and investigations
- Black Sea dolphin deaths prompt ecocide allegations against RussiaMongabay (E. Fitt) · 2022-12-16
- Tens of thousands of dolphins died in the Black Sea waters as a result of war – PhD in ecology Ivan RusevMediacenter Ukraine · 2022-10-21
- Scientists say there are far more dead Black Sea dolphins than they can recordRubryka · 2022-07-27
- 56 dead dolphins found in one month: what the war is doing to the Black SeaKorabelov.info · 2026-07-01
- Kakhovka HPP destruction: over 150 dead dolphins washed ashore in Bulgaria and TurkeyEspreso Global · 2023-06-20
Communities and civil society
- Evidencing a recovery plan for Black Sea dolphins and porpoisesCEOBS (L. Svolkinas) · 2025-12
- Black Sea heals its wounds 4 months after the Kakhovka catastropheUWEC Work Group (V. Hubareva) · 2023-11-22
Researchers
- The use of social media in assessing the impact of war on cetaceansBiology Letters 19(4):20220562 (Węgrzyn, Rusev, Tańska, Miedviedieva, Kagalo, Leniowski) · 2023-04-05
- Black Sea dolphins may become extinct as a result of Russian aggression against UkraineUniversity of Rzeszów · 2023-04-12
International bodies
- SC15/2023/Doc10 Report on the conservation status of cetaceans and relevant activities in Black SeaACCOBAMS Scientific Committee · 2023-04-20
Connected cases
- Vegetable-oil and fuel spills after strikes on Odesa-region ports, December 2025–April 2026 Ukraine · 2025–2026 Related matter
- Tuzly Lagoons National Nature Park (Public authority) — here: Monitoring site and source of the 50,000 and 100,000 estimates; there: Estimated bird deaths and observed pollution about 150 km away
- Destruction of the Kakhovka dam and drainage of the Kakhovka reservoir (June 2023) Ukraine · 2023–2026 Related matter
- Ukraine’s official count of war damage to the environment Ukraine · 2022–2026 Related matter
- Volgoneft 212/239 spill (Kerch Strait) Russia · 2024–2025 Related matter
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- Strikes on Iranian oil and gas facilities, June 2025 and March 2026, and damage at Qatar's Ras Laffan Iran · 2025–2026
- Conflict and Environment Observatory (CEOBS) (NGO) — here: Published 2022 mortality summary; states post-mortem results not public; there: Published the June 2025 overview
- Strikes on Tehran fuel depots, March 2026: smoke, black rain and Iran's "ecocide" claim Iran · 2025–2026
- Conflict and Environment Observatory (CEOBS) (NGO) — here: Published 2022 mortality summary; states post-mortem results not public; there: Published risk summaries and imagery analysis
- Sudan gold: mercury and cyanide in mining, and the wartime gold trade Sudan · 2008–2026
- Conflict and Environment Observatory (CEOBS) (NGO) — here: Published 2022 mortality summary; states post-mortem results not public; there: Environmental analysis of the war
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- Conflict and Environment Observatory (CEOBS) (NGO) — here: Published 2022 mortality summary; states post-mortem results not public; there: Analysis of gum arabic as a funding source for both parties