Cases / Finance, funds and markets · Venezuela · 2001–2024
Venezuela tree cover loss, 2001–2024, and international forest finance
Nature's voice · report
My tree cover was 56,533,525 hectares in 2000 at a 30% canopy threshold, according to Global Forest Watch.
Did nature suffer? Yes. Harm is on record.
Recorded
- I lost 61,436 hectares of tree cover in 2015 and 207,336 hectares in 2016, according to Global Forest Watch (UMD/GLAD). Global Forest Watch / WRI (UMD GLAD data)
- Amazonas state lost 46,465 hectares of tree cover in 2016, against 3,773 hectares in 2015, according to the same workbook. Global Forest Watch / WRI (UMD GLAD data)
- Global Forest Watch data reproduced by Our World in Data give 144,477 hectares of tree cover loss in 2024. Our World in Data
- Modelled gross emissions from my forest loss were 107,741,629 Mg CO2e in 2016 and averaged 49,324,161 Mg CO2e a year, while modelled removals averaged 161,783,548 Mg CO2e a year, according to the workbook. Global Forest Watch / WRI (UMD GLAD data)
- Most deforestation in Bolívar and Amazonas is linked to mining, according to Timothy J. Killeen in Mongabay (2025). Mongabay (Timothy J. Killeen)
- 123,881 hectares of my forest were lost.Tree cover loss, Global Forest Watch country workbook (UMD/GLAD), 30% canopy threshold; loss does not equate to deforestation.
- 90,372 hectares of my forest were lost.Tree cover loss, Global Forest Watch country workbook (UMD/GLAD), 30% canopy threshold; loss does not equate to deforestation.
- 87,229 hectares of my forest were lost.Tree cover loss, Global Forest Watch country workbook (UMD/GLAD), 30% canopy threshold; loss does not equate to deforestation.
- 90,987 hectares of my forest were lost.Tree cover loss, Global Forest Watch country workbook (UMD/GLAD), 30% canopy threshold; loss does not equate to deforestation.
- 94,967 hectares of my forest were lost.Tree cover loss, Global Forest Watch country workbook (UMD/GLAD), 30% canopy threshold; loss does not equate to deforestation.
- 85,491 hectares of my forest were lost.Tree cover loss, Global Forest Watch country workbook (UMD/GLAD), 30% canopy threshold; loss does not equate to deforestation.
- 114,347 hectares of my forest were lost.Tree cover loss, Global Forest Watch country workbook (UMD/GLAD), 30% canopy threshold; loss does not equate to deforestation.
- 120,575 hectares of my forest were lost.Tree cover loss, Global Forest Watch country workbook (UMD/GLAD), 30% canopy threshold; loss does not equate to deforestation.
- 142,406 hectares of my forest were lost.Tree cover loss, Global Forest Watch country workbook (UMD/GLAD), 30% canopy threshold; loss does not equate to deforestation.
- 101,286 hectares of my forest were lost.Tree cover loss, Global Forest Watch country workbook (UMD/GLAD), 30% canopy threshold; loss does not equate to deforestation.
- 74,441 hectares of my forest were lost.Tree cover loss, Global Forest Watch country workbook (UMD/GLAD), 30% canopy threshold; loss does not equate to deforestation.
- 105,963 hectares of my forest were lost.Tree cover loss, Global Forest Watch country workbook (UMD/GLAD), 30% canopy threshold; loss does not equate to deforestation.
- 64,520 hectares of my forest were lost.Tree cover loss, Global Forest Watch country workbook (UMD/GLAD), 30% canopy threshold; loss does not equate to deforestation.
- 100,975 hectares of my forest were lost.Tree cover loss, Global Forest Watch country workbook (UMD/GLAD), 30% canopy threshold; loss does not equate to deforestation.
- 61,436 hectares of my forest were lost.Tree cover loss, Global Forest Watch country workbook (UMD/GLAD), 30% canopy threshold; loss does not equate to deforestation.
- 207,336 hectares of my forest were lost.Tree cover loss, Global Forest Watch country workbook (UMD/GLAD), 30% canopy threshold; loss does not equate to deforestation.
- 166,982 hectares of my forest were lost.Tree cover loss, Global Forest Watch country workbook (UMD/GLAD), 30% canopy threshold; loss does not equate to deforestation.
- 112,107 hectares of my forest were lost.Tree cover loss, Global Forest Watch country workbook (UMD/GLAD), 30% canopy threshold; loss does not equate to deforestation.
- 140,807 hectares of my forest were lost.Tree cover loss, Global Forest Watch country workbook (UMD/GLAD), 30% canopy threshold; loss does not equate to deforestation.
- 139,302 hectares of my forest were lost.Tree cover loss, Global Forest Watch country workbook (UMD/GLAD), 30% canopy threshold; loss does not equate to deforestation.
- 63,825.09 hectares of my forest were lost.Tree cover loss from all causes, Global Forest Watch (2025) with processing by Our World in Data; newer data version than the 2021 workbook.
- 55,370.61 hectares of my forest were lost.Tree cover loss from all causes, Global Forest Watch (2025) with processing by Our World in Data; newer data version than the 2021 workbook.
- 76,350.7 hectares of my forest were lost.Tree cover loss from all causes, Global Forest Watch (2025) with processing by Our World in Data; newer data version than the 2021 workbook.
- 144,477.02 hectares of my forest were lost.Tree cover loss from all causes, Global Forest Watch (2025) with processing by Our World in Data; newer data version than the 2021 workbook.
- 46,465 hectares of my forest were lost.Amazonas state, Global Forest Watch workbook, 30% canopy; 3,773 ha in 2015.
- 36,781 hectares of my forest were lost.Alto Orinoco municipality alone, Global Forest Watch workbook, 0% canopy row.
Global Forest Watch recorded annual tree cover loss in Venezuela of between 61,436 and 207,336 hectares in 2001–2020, with a peak in 2016. Over the same period the Global Environment Facility approved grants for national parks and forest projects, and the Green Climate Fund approved USD 3.6 million of readiness support.
207,336 haTree cover loss in 2016, the peak year of the 2001–2020 Global Forest Watch workbook (30% canopy)
Up from 61,436 ha in 2015. Global Forest Watch data reproduced by Our World in Data give 206,368 ha for 2016 and 144,477 ha for 2024.
Up from 61,436 ha in 2015. Global Forest Watch data reproduced by Our World in Data give 206,368 ha for 2016 and 144,477 ha for 2024.
Status As of 16 July 2026: the Green Climate Fund page shows readiness support only, with the National Designated Authority nomination letter dated 16 July 2026; GEF projects 10678 and 11115 are approved.
What?
Global Forest Watch recorded annual tree cover loss in Venezuela of 61,436 ha in 2015 and 207,336 ha in 2016, concentrated in Bolívar and Amazonas states, while the Global Environment Facility approved six national parks and forest projects and the Green Climate Fund approved USD 3.6 million of readiness support. Global Forest Watch / WRI (UMD GLAD data)
Where?
Venezuela as a whole; most loss in Bolívar and Amazonas states, in the Guiana Shield south of the Orinoco. Mongabay (Timothy J. Killeen)
When?
Satellite record 2001–2024; GEF projects approved in fiscal years 2009–2024; GCF readiness proposals approved on 29 March 2023 and 22 February 2024. Global Forest Watch / WRI (UMD GLAD data)
Who?
Gained
- Venezuelan parks, forest and environment bodies (INPARQUES, MPPA, Misión Árbol, Empresa Nacional Forestal, MINEC) — Executing roles in GEF-funded projects with grants of USD 5.3 million to USD 8.2 million each Global Environment Facility
- UNDP and FAO — Agency roles for GEF projects and GCF readiness support Green Climate Fund
Lost
None on recordHarmed
- Forests of Bolívar and Amazonas states — Amazonas lost 46,465 ha of tree cover in 2016; most deforestation in the two states is linked to mining according to Mongabay (2025) Mongabay (Timothy J. Killeen)
Why?
The workbook counts all tree cover loss, including fire, harvesting, disease and storms; Mongabay (2025) links most deforestation in Bolívar and Amazonas to mining and says the country has no coherent policy against deforestation. Mongabay (Timothy J. Killeen)
How?
The GEF financed national parks, marine and coastal protected areas, forest lands management and invasive species projects through UNDP, FAO and the World Bank; the GCF financed readiness support for the National Designated Authority and an adaptation plan. Green Climate Fund
6 of 6 questions answered from the record
What happened
The record, in order.
The Global Forest Watch country workbook for Venezuela (UMD/GLAD, Hansen et al.; file last modified 16 July 2021; 30% canopy threshold) gives tree cover extent in 2000 of 56,533,525 hectares and annual tree cover loss that ranged from 61,436 ha in 2015 to 207,336 ha in 2016. Loss was 123,881 ha in 2001, 142,406 ha in 2009, 64,520 ha in 2013, 166,982 ha in 2017, 140,807 ha in 2019 and 139,302 ha in 2020. The workbook states that 'loss' does not equate to deforestation, because it includes fire, harvesting, disease and storms, and that comparisons between 2011–2020 and 2001–2010 'should be performed with caution' because the methods were updated.
At subnational level the workbook records Amazonas state loss of 46,465 ha in 2016, against 3,773 ha in 2015, and a loss of 36,781 ha in 2016 in the Alto Orinoco municipality alone (from its 0% canopy row). Global Forest Watch data reproduced by Our World in Data (last updated 26 August 2025) give 63,825 ha for 2021, 55,371 ha for 2022, 76,351 ha for 2023 and 144,477 ha for 2024. The workbook's modelled gross emissions from forest loss were 28,141,423 Mg CO2e in 2015, 107,741,629 Mg CO2e in 2016 and 71,485,091 Mg CO2e in 2020, with average gross emissions of 49,324,161 Mg CO2e a year, average removals of 161,783,548 Mg CO2e a year and a net flux of −112,459,387 Mg CO2e a year, a modelled net sink.
Timothy J. Killeen wrote in Mongabay on 3 October 2025 that Venezuela has no coherent policy for combating deforestation, which he said the country's NDC filing to the UNFCCC explicitly recognises, and that most deforestation in Bolívar and Amazonas is linked to mining.
The GEF project database lists six Venezuelan projects. Project 2103 (Canaima management model; World Bank) had a GEF grant of USD 6,000,000 and co-financing of USD 18,520,000 and is cancelled. Project 3609 (financial sustainability and operational effectiveness of the national parks system; UNDP, with INPARQUES; approved in fiscal year 2009) had a grant of USD 7,175,866 and co-financing of USD 23,115,000 and is completed. Project 3865 (marine and coastal protected areas system; UNDP; fiscal year 2011) had a grant of USD 7,445,455 and co-financing of USD 16,000,000 and is completed. Project 5410 (sustainable forest lands management and conservation under an eco-social approach; FAO, executed by MPPA, Misión Árbol and Empresa Nacional Forestal; fiscal year 2015) had a grant of USD 8,249,316 and co-financing of USD 25,730,000 and is completed. Project 10678 (integrated management of multiple-use landscapes and high conservation value forest in the Venezuelan Andes; FAO and MINEC; fiscal year 2022, GEF-7) has a grant of USD 5,329,452 and co-financing of USD 45,681,355 and is approved. Project 11115 (aquatic invasive alien species; FAO and MINEC; fiscal year 2024, GEF-8) has a grant of USD 6,000,000 and co-financing of USD 35,940,000 and is approved.
The Green Climate Fund country page states 'Readiness support approved in USD $3.6 million'. Approved readiness proposals are the strengthening of the National Designated Authority (UNDP, 29 March 2023) and a National Adaptation Plan for agriculture, fisheries and water (FAO, 22 February 2024); the nomination letter of the National Designated Authority is dated 16 July 2026. The page lists no funded projects.
- 2001Start of the satellite record: 123,881 ha of tree cover loss
- 2009GEF project 3609 approved for the national parks system (fiscal year); 142,406 ha of loss
- 2011GEF project 3865 for marine and coastal protected areas (fiscal year)
- 2015GEF project 5410 for forest lands management (fiscal year); 61,436 ha of loss
- 2016207,336 ha of loss; Amazonas state 46,465 ha
- 2022GEF project 10678 for Andean landscapes and high conservation value forest (fiscal year, GEF-7)
- 2023Green Climate Fund approves readiness support to strengthen the National Designated Authority (UNDP, 29 Mar)
- 2024GEF project 11115 on aquatic invasive species (fiscal year, GEF-8); National Adaptation Plan readiness proposal approved (FAO, 22 Feb); 144,477 ha of loss (Global Forest Watch via Our World in Data)
- 2025Mongabay analysis: no coherent policy for combating deforestation (3 Oct)
- 2026Nomination letter of the Green Climate Fund National Designated Authority (16 Jul)
What was said
Claims, in the words of those who made them.
“Venezuela has no coherent policy for combating deforestation. This is explicitly recognized in the country's NDC filing to the UNFCCC.”
“Readiness support approved in USD $3.6 million”
“'loss' does not equate to deforestation”
How it looked
What was shown, beside what was recorded.
Shown
Recorded
- Tree cover loss of 61,436 ha in 2015 and 207,336 ha in 2016; 139,302 ha in 2020 (30% canopy)
- Tree cover loss of 63,825 ha in 2021, 55,371 ha in 2022, 76,351 ha in 2023 and 144,477 ha in 2024 (Global Forest Watch via Our World in Data)
- Six GEF projects with grants of USD 5.3 million to USD 8.2 million each; GEF project 2103 cancelled
- Green Climate Fund readiness support of USD 3.6 million approved; no funded projects listed
- Modelled net flux of −112,459,387 Mg CO2e a year, a net sink, in the workbook
Who gained
Money that reached nature, beside money that stayed elsewhere.
Reached nature or the ground
Not published
GEF 2103, Canaima management model (World Bank; cancelled)$6m
Window: GEF-3
Co-financing 18.52 million.
GEF 3609, national parks system financial sustainability (UNDP, INPARQUES)$7.18m
Window: FY2009
Co-financing 23.115 million; completed.
GEF 3865, marine and coastal protected areas system (UNDP)$7.45m
Window: FY2011
Co-financing 16 million; completed.
GEF 5410, sustainable forest lands management and conservation (FAO)$8.25m
Window: FY2015
Co-financing 25.73 million; completed.
GEF 10678, Venezuelan Andes landscapes and high conservation value forest (FAO, MINEC)$5.33m
Window: FY2022
Co-financing 45.681355 million; project approved.
GEF 11115, aquatic invasive alien species (FAO, MINEC)$6m
Window: FY2024
Co-financing 35.94 million; project approved.
Green Climate Fund readiness support approved$3.6m
Window: 2023–2024
Gained elsewhere
Not totalled
Currency: USD · Window: Mixed — see each line. Figures cover different periods and are not compared as a ratio. * Estimate built from cited figures.
In court and with insurers
Every proceeding and every insurer decision on record.
Lawsuits and rulings
No court case on record. No court has ruled on this case.
Insurers
No insurer decision on record.
What nature saw
Outcomes measured on the ground, and nature's note.
Nature's report opens this page. Below: further outcomes measured on the ground.
Peak annual tree cover loss
207,336 ha
2016; 61,436 ha in 2015 (Global Forest Watch, 30% canopy)
Tree cover loss in 2024
144,477 ha
Global Forest Watch via Our World in Data
Tree cover extent in 2000
56,533,525 ha
30% canopy threshold
Modelled net flux
−112,459,387 Mg CO2e a year
A net sink, per the workbook
What we don't know
Undisclosed, unproven, untried: recorded as data.
Record
- None on record None on record: GCF funded projects for Venezuela; the country page lists readiness support only.
- Unclear Unclear: whether Venezuela has received REDD+ results-based payments or takes part in the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility or a UN-REDD national programme.
- Disputed Figures differ: the 2021 workbook gives 207,336 ha for 2016, while Global Forest Watch data reproduced by Our World in Data give 206,368.23 ha, probably because of a newer data version.
- Disputed Figures differ: the GEF project page gives co-financing of USD 23,115,000 for project 3609, while a terminal-evaluation reference gives a grant of USD 7.179 million and total co-financing of USD 16.78 million.
Did the harm stop?
Tree cover loss continued: 139,302 ha in 2020 in the workbook and 144,477 ha in 2024 in the Global Forest Watch series reproduced by Our World in Data.
Who paid?
None on record for the forest loss. The GEF approved grants of USD 5.3 million to USD 8.2 million for each of six Venezuelan projects, and the Green Climate Fund approved USD 3.6 million of readiness support.
Sources
Voices on record: — Company or project✓ Government and regulators— Courts✓ Press and investigations— Communities and civil society✓ Researchers✓ International bodies
Government and regulators
- VEN.xlsx country tree cover loss and carbon statistics 2001-2020Global Forest Watch / WRI (UMD GLAD data) · 2021-07-16
Press and investigations
- In the Guyana Shield, the fight against deforestation is not ambitious enoughMongabay (Timothy J. Killeen) · 2025-10-03
Researchers
- Tree cover loss (Global Forest Watch 2025, processed by Our World in Data)Our World in Data · 2025-08-26
International bodies
- Expanding Partnerships for the National Parks System (resubmission), project 2103Global Environment Facility · n.d.
- Strengthening the Financial Sustainability and Operational Effectiveness of the Venezuelan National Parks System, project 3609Global Environment Facility · n.d.
- Strengthening the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas System, project 3865Global Environment Facility · n.d.
- Sustainable Forest Lands Management and Conservation under an Eco-social Approach, project 5410Global Environment Facility · n.d.
- Integrated management of multiple use landscapes and high conservation value forest in the Venezuelan Andean Region, project 10678Global Environment Facility · n.d.
- Aquatic Invasive Alien Species in Venezuela, project 11115Global Environment Facility · n.d.
- Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)Green Climate Fund · 2026-10-19
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- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Agency for GEF project 2103; there: finances the Mbeubeuss rehabilitation, as reported
- Mekong sand mining (Cambodia, Vietnam) Cambodia and Vietnam · 2007–2026
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Agency for GEF project 2103; there: Inspection Panel finding on Boeung Kak land titling; lending freeze 2011
- Mongolia's 2009 ban on mining at river headwaters and in forests: licence cancellations, compensation duty, 2015 amendment and artisanal gold-mining programmes Mongolia · 2009–2025
- Global Environment Facility (International organisation) — here: Funder of six Venezuelan projects; there: planetGOLD Mongolia
- Munition residues and war damage in Ukrainian soils: measurements and state damage assessments Ukraine · 2022–2026
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (International organisation) — here: Agency for GEF projects 5410, 10678 and 11115 and GCF readiness; there: Satellite and soil analysis of damaged arable land
- Nepal community forestry Nepal · 2000–2026
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Agency for GEF project 2103; there: Funder of carbon payments (Forest Carbon Partnership Facility)
- Olkaria geothermal projects (Kenya) Kenya · 2013–2017
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Agency for GEF project 2103; there: Financier; its Inspection Panel reviewed the resettlement
- Pillay panel finds no proof WWF directed ranger abuses it supported Democratic Republic of the Congo · 2006–2020
- UN Development Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency for GEF projects 3609 and 3865 and GCF readiness; there: UN agency; draft investigation of Messok Dja
- Rabobank co-financed a Brazilian eucalyptus carbon plantation contested by locals Brazil · 2003–2008
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Agency for GEF project 2103; there: operator of the carbon fund
- Sembrando Vida (Sowing Life) Mexico · 2019–2022
- World Resources Institute (NGO) — here: Operator of Global Forest Watch; there: Estimated first-year forest cover loss (WRI Mexico)
- Sengwer evictions from Embobut forest and the EU Water Towers programme (Kenya) Kenya · 2014–2024
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Agency for GEF project 2103; there: Funder of an earlier forest project (2007)
- Sri Lanka fertiliser ban Sri Lanka · 2021
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Agency for GEF project 2103; there: Source of the paddy yield figure
- Tree felling under the Tashkent moratorium: damage assessments, prosecutor cases and ministry counts Uzbekistan · 2020–2025
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Agency for GEF project 2103; there: Tashkent air quality assessment (context)
- Tropical Forest Forever Facility Brazil · 2025
- World Resources Institute (NGO) — here: Operator of Global Forest Watch; there: Published the description of the fund's payment structure
- Ulaanbaatar winter air pollution: stove programmes, the 2019 raw-coal ban and subsidised briquettes Mongolia · 2008–2024
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Agency for GEF project 2103; there: Ulaanbaatar Clean Air Project
- Uzbek cotton boycott ends forced labour Uzbekistan · 2017–2026
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Agency for GEF project 2103; there: Lender (USD 800 million, October 2025)
- Venezuela 2026 twin earthquakes insurance gap Venezuela · 2026
- UN Development Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency for GEF projects 3609 and 3865 and GCF readiness; there: Source of the $6.7 billion damage estimate
- Venezuela gas flaring and methane from oil and gas Venezuela · 2012–2026
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Agency for GEF project 2103; there: Publishes the Global Gas Flaring Tracker; changed its method in June 2026
- Vietnam's forest recovery and logging displaced abroad Vietnam · 1987–2006
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (International organisation) — here: Agency for GEF projects 5410, 10678 and 11115 and GCF readiness; there: Author of the 2001 review of logging bans
- World Bank $100m plastic waste bond tied to Verra credit sales Multiple countries · 2024
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Agency for GEF project 2103; there: issuer of the bond
- World Bank $800m Uzbekistan operation; Tanzania project halted Uzbekistan · 2017–2025
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Agency for GEF project 2103; there: lender; policy operation and REGROW financier
- World Bank and development bank accountability mechanisms: Embobut (Sengwer), Tata Mundra, Arun III, Jale, Cambodia Kenya · 2007–2024
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Agency for GEF project 2103; there: Funder of the Kenya project; hosts the Inspection Panel
- World Bank inspection panel registers complaint over Rogun dam financing Tajikistan · 2024–2025
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Agency for GEF project 2103; there: financier
- World Bank REGROW project, Ruaha National Park Tanzania · 2017–2025
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Agency for GEF project 2103; there: Financier of the REGROW project
- World Bank US$600m farm loan coincided with a 90% fall in farm support Turkey · 2001–2003
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Agency for GEF project 2103; there: Lender of the US$600m loan
- World Bank-backed Colombo flood work turned Beddagana wetland into a park Sri Lanka · 2010–2018
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Agency for GEF project 2103; there: Funder whose support backed the programme
- WWF-funded ranger units accused of torture and killings in Asia and Africa Multiple countries · 2006–2023
- UN Development Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency for GEF projects 3609 and 3865 and GCF readiness; there: Investigation into the Messok Dja park programme (leaked draft)