Cases / Oil, gas and coal operations · Iran · 2012–2026
Iran associated-gas flaring and flare-gas recovery contracts
Nature's voice · report
My air received the smoke of an estimated 29.93 bcm of gas flared in Iran in 2025, up from 13.85 bcm in 2012, according to the World Bank (2026 edition).
Did nature suffer? Yes. Harm is on record. Disputed
Recorded
- Flaring intensity in Iran rose from 11.21 cubic metres of gas per barrel of oil in 2012 to 19.55 in 2025, according to the World Bank. World Bank
- Greenhouse-gas emissions from Iranian flaring rose 19% year on year to above 43 million tonnes in 2023, according to Radio Farda citing BP data. Radio Farda
- NASA's SO2 catalogue lists flaring-type sources at Dehloran at 221.2 kt SO2 in 2025 and at Ahvaz at 47.6 kt. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
What the record lacks: 5 none on record · 4 not disclosed · 1 self-reported only · 1 not measured · 4 disputed See the gaps
Accounts of the harm differ
Gas collected versus gas flared
- Government and regulators Ministry of Petroleum (Shana, 5 January 2026): Collection rose 460% in 2024, with 3.3 bcm collected against a target of 1.5 bcm. Shana (Ministry of Petroleum)
- International bodies World Bank (2026 edition): Estimated flaring in Iran at 26.01 bcm in 2023, 28.51 bcm in 2024 and 29.93 bcm in 2025. World Bank
- Press and investigations Radio Farda (26 June 2024): Reported that Owji's claim of 11.5 million cubic metres a day collected and falling flaring was contradicted by the new World Bank data. Radio Farda
The World Bank's satellite-based estimate of gas flared in Iran was 29.93 billion cubic metres in 2025, against 13.85 billion in 2012. Iran's Ministry of Petroleum has signed several rounds of flare-gas recovery contracts and set a target of ending flaring by 2028; Iran's Supreme Audit Court, as reported, put the annual value of flared gas at more than US$6 billion.
29.93 bcm estimateWorld Bank estimate of gas flared in Iran, 2025 (2026 edition)
Estimate from satellite data. The 2025 edition gave 22.81 bcm for 2024; the 2026 edition, on a revised methodology, gives 28.51 bcm for 2024.
Estimate from satellite data. The 2025 edition gave 22.81 bcm for 2024; the 2026 edition, on a revised methodology, gives 28.51 bcm for 2024.
Status As of June 2026: the World Bank estimated 29.93 bcm flared in 2025; recovery contracts had been signed in rounds from March 2022 to February 2026, and the ministry's target for ending flaring was 2028.
What?
Gas burned at Iran's oil fields was estimated by the World Bank at 29.93 bcm in 2025, against 13.85 bcm in 2012; the Ministry of Petroleum has signed rounds of flare-gas recovery contracts with a stated target of ending flaring by 2028. World Bank
Where?
Oil fields of Khuzestan (Ahvaz, Marun, Karun, Aghajari, Gachsaran), Ilam (Dehloran), Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad and Bushehr, and the South Pars gas refineries at Assaluyeh and Kangan. Shana (Ministry of Petroleum)
When?
World Bank series 2012–2025; recovery contracts signed 3 March 2022, 1 November 2025, January and February 2026; stated target of ending flaring by 2028. World Bank
Who?
Gained
- Private investors and contractors — Twelve NISOC flare-gas contracts signed on 1 November 2025; values and contractor names not published Shana (Ministry of Petroleum)
- Bidboland Persian Gulf Refining Company — Eight associated-gas collection agreements worth EUR 470 million signed on 3 March 2022 Shana (Ministry of Petroleum)
Lost
- Iran (state) — Annual economic value of flared gas of more than US$6 billion, according to the Supreme Audit Court as reported Iran Oil and Gas Network (citing Mehr News Agency)
Harmed
- Air over the Khuzestan oil fields and South Pars — Estimated 29.93 bcm of gas flared in 2025 World Bank
Why?
Associated gas produced with oil is burned where it is not collected. The Supreme Audit Court, as reported, urged faster action on recovery; the World Bank said Iran's recovery target timelines appear to have been pushed back. World Bank
How?
The Ministry of Petroleum signs long-term contracts with private investors and offers flare gas in short-term auctions at 'a base price of zero'; the World Bank estimates volumes from satellite data. Shana (Ministry of Petroleum)
6 of 6 questions answered from the record
What happened
The record, in order.
The World Bank estimates flare volumes from satellite observations. Its 2026 edition, which uses a revised methodology, gives Iran's flaring as 13.85 billion cubic metres (bcm) in 2012, 21.79 bcm in 2016, 16.05 bcm in 2020, 26.01 bcm in 2023, 28.51 bcm in 2024 and 29.93 bcm in 2025. Flaring intensity, in cubic metres of gas per barrel of oil, was 11.21 in 2012, 16.45 in 2020 and 19.55 in 2025. The 2025 edition, on the earlier methodology, had given 20.42 bcm for 2023 and 22.81 bcm for 2024. For 2025 the 2026 file lists Russia at 30.28 bcm and Iraq at 24.12 bcm.
The Bank explained the difference between the editions in its Global Gas Flaring Tracker Report of June 2026: under the new methodology, 'Iran and Iraq, which have large flares, have higher estimates of flaring volumes', and readers should take 'care not to misread methodological revisions as actual changes in flaring activity.' For 2025 the tracker report said Iran's flaring grew by 5 percent (1.4 bcm) while oil production grew 2 percent, so flaring intensity grew 3 percent, and that Iran had announced new investment in associated-gas recovery but 'target timelines appear to have been pushed back', citing information from Iran's Supreme Audit Court. In a press release of 23 June 2026 the Bank put global flaring at 167 bcm in 2025 and said nine countries, Iran among them, accounted for more than four-fifths of it.
Iranian officials gave their own figures. Oil Minister Javad Owji said on 3 March 2022 that 'about 40 million cubic meters' of gas was being flared, mainly in Khuzestan. Iran's Supreme Audit Court, as reported on 26 February 2026 by the Iran Oil and Gas Network citing Mehr News Agency, found associated-gas flaring averaged about 56.2 million cubic metres a day in the first six months of the Iranian year 1404 (21 March to 22 September 2025), a rising trend, and urged faster progress toward the Seventh Plan target of collecting 43.8 million cubic metres a day. The Ministry of Petroleum said on 5 January 2026 that gas collection rose 460% in 2024, the first year of the Seventh Plan, with a target of 1.5 bcm against 1.1 bcm in 2023 and an actual 3.3 bcm, and set a goal of 16 bcm a year by 2028. Oil Minister Mohsen Paknejad said Iran 'expects to fully eliminate gas flaring nationwide' once projects finish by the end of 2028.
The ministry has signed recovery contracts in rounds. On 3 March 2022 the Bidboland Persian Gulf Refining Company signed eight associated-gas collection agreements worth EUR 470 million for the West Karun fields, with a target of about 500 million cubic feet a day within one to two years. On 1 November 2025 the National Iranian South Oil Company (NISOC) signed 12 flare-gas contracts with private investors covering about 300 million cubic feet a day, 32 flare stacks and 12 production units in Khuzestan, including three large flares near Ahvaz; contracts finalised in total reached 520 million cubic feet a day. Two more contracts followed on 28 January 2026 and four (about 110 million cubic feet a day) were reported on 26 February 2026. Values and contractor names were not published for these rounds. In August 2025 the ministry said flare gas was being offered at 'a base price of zero' in a short-term auction model.
- 2012World Bank series begins: Iran 13.85 bcm (2026 edition)
- 2022Eight associated-gas collection agreements worth EUR 470 million signed for West Karun fields (3 Mar)
- 2024Ministry of Petroleum reports gas collection up 460% in the first year of the Seventh Plan; World Bank 2026 edition estimates 28.51 bcm flared
- 2025Eliminate-flaring-by-2028 target restated (16 Aug); 12 NISOC contracts signed with private investors (1 Nov); World Bank 2026 edition estimates 29.93 bcm flared
- 2026Ministry status report (5 Jan); two further contracts (28 Jan); Supreme Audit Court warning reported (26 Feb); four further contracts reported (26 Feb); World Bank tracker report and press release (23 Jun)
What was said
Claims, in the words of those who made them.
“Unfortunately, about 40 million cubic meters”
“to eliminate gas flaring entirely by 2028”
“expects to fully eliminate gas flaring nationwide”
“nearly 90% of flare gas will be collected nationwide by the end of 2027”
“among the oil industry's most important and valuable initiatives to boost efficiency”
“detailed reports on the volume and quality of the recovered gas will be released soon”
“Iran and Iraq, which have large flares, have higher estimates of flaring volumes”
“care not to misread methodological revisions as actual changes in flaring activity”
“target timelines appear to have been pushed back”
“needs only five billion dollars of investment to prevent flaring”
Where accounts differ
Each party's account, side by side, with its source. The record does not settle these points; it shows them.
Gas collected versus gas flared
Government and regulators
Ministry of Petroleum (Shana, 5 January 2026)
Collection rose 460% in 2024, with 3.3 bcm collected against a target of 1.5 bcm.
Shana (Ministry of Petroleum)International bodies
World Bank (2026 edition)
Estimated flaring in Iran at 26.01 bcm in 2023, 28.51 bcm in 2024 and 29.93 bcm in 2025.
World BankPress and investigations
Radio Farda (26 June 2024)
Reported that Owji's claim of 11.5 million cubic metres a day collected and falling flaring was contradicted by the new World Bank data.
Radio FardaDate by which flaring is to end
Government and regulators
Oil Minister Mohsen Paknejad (Shana, 16 August 2025 and 5 January 2026)
Flaring to be eliminated entirely by 2028 or by the end of 2028.
Shana (Ministry of Petroleum)Company or project
National Iranian Oil Company managing director Hamid Bovard (Shana, 1 November 2025)
Nearly 90% of flare gas to be collected nationwide by the end of 2027; the Shana headline gives 'mid-March 2028'.
Shana (Ministry of Petroleum)International bodies
World Bank (June 2026)
Target timelines 'appear to have been pushed back', based on information from Iran's Supreme Audit Court.
World BankHow it looked
What was shown, beside what was recorded.
Shown
- Gas collection up 460% in 2024, the first year of the Seventh PlanMinistry of Petroleum (Shana), 5 January 2026 · Shana (Ministry of Petroleum)
- Flaring recovery as 'a symbol of national self-reliance, maximum use of local capacity'Oil Minister Mohsen Paknejad, as reported by Shana, 16 August 2025 · Shana (Ministry of Petroleum)
- Eight flare stacks shut at the NGL 3100 plant in Dehloran, with 'associated gas worth more than $700 million per year' no longer burnedMinistry of Petroleum (Shana), 16 August 2025 · Shana (Ministry of Petroleum)
Recorded
- World Bank flare-volume estimates for Iran (2026 edition, bcm): 2012 13.85; 2013 13.61; 2014 14.55; 2015 14.43; 2016 21.79; 2017 24.83; 2018 23.74; 2019 18.80; 2020 16.05; 2021 20.02; 2022 21.10; 2023 26.01; 2024 28.51; 2025 29.93.
- World Bank flaring intensity for Iran (cubic metres per barrel of oil): 2012 11.21; 2016 14.38; 2020 16.45; 2023 19.45; 2024 18.98; 2025 19.55.
- The 2025 edition of the World Bank file, on the earlier methodology, gave Iran 20.42 bcm for 2023 and 22.81 bcm for 2024, and Russia 28.8 bcm.
- The Supreme Audit Court's annual value of flared gas was 'more than $6 billion' (as reported).
- An earlier Supreme Audit Court report, as reported by Tejarat News on 20 November 2024, put the gas imbalance in the Iranian year 1402 (March 2023 to March 2024) at 63.9 billion cubic metres, with about 18 billion cubic metres lost as flare gas.
- Ministry of Petroleum, 16 August 2025: recovery capacity was about 330 million cubic feet a day when the current administration took office, with 280 million cubic feet a day added in a year.
- Ministry of Petroleum, 5 January 2026: contracts signed and under implementation 3.9 million cubic metres a day; in auction 7.7 million; call for bids 1.5 million; seven short-term projects operating, about 1.7 million cubic metres a day.
- Investment in the NGL 3100 plant (Dehloran, Ilam) was given as about US$1.6 billion in August 2025 and as over US$1.4 billion, with more than 97% progress, in January 2026.
- South Pars: the engineering director of the South Pars Gas Complex said flaring of about 6 million cubic metres a day should fall to 3 million by the end of the Iranian year 1405 (as reported by Asr Iran, 14 January 2026).
- Radio Farda (26 June 2024), citing BP data, reported that greenhouse-gas emissions from Iranian flaring rose 19% year on year to above 43 million tonnes (2023).
- Global gas flared in 2025 was worth an estimated US$54 billion (World Bank); global flaring in 2025 caused 429 MMtCO2e of emissions, including 50 MMtCO2e of unburned methane.
- NASA's SO2 catalogue lists oil-field flaring-type point sources at Dehloran (221.2 kt SO2 in 2025) and Ahvaz (47.6 kt).
Who gained
Money that reached nature, beside money that stayed elsewhere.
Reached nature or the ground
Not published
Priced damage to nature from flaring—
None on record.
Gained elsewhere
Not totalled
Annual economic value of flared gas, Supreme Audit Court (as reported)> $6bn
Investment needed to prevent flaring, per former Oil Minister Zanganeh (as quoted)$5bn
NGL 3100 plant investment, Shana August 2025≈ $1.6bn
NGL 3100 plant investment, Shana January 2026$1.4bn
West Karun associated-gas collection agreements, eight contracts (stated in EUR)—
EUR 470 million.
Global value of gas flared in 2025, World Bank$54bn
Currency: USD · Window: 2022–2026. All figures cover the same period. * Estimate built from cited figures.
Responses on record
- iran-ministry-of-petroleum (August 2025; January 2026): Described flaring recovery as 'a symbol of national self-reliance, maximum use of local capacity' and reported gas collection up 460% in 2024. · Shana (Ministry of Petroleum)
- nisoc (28 January 2026): Its CEO called flare-gas collection 'among the oil industry's most important and valuable initiatives to boost efficiency' and said detailed reports on recovered gas would be released soon. · Shana (Ministry of Petroleum)
- iran-supreme-audit-court (February 2026): As reported, framed recovery as protecting public assets and preventing the loss of intergenerational resources, and urged faster action toward the Seventh Plan target. · Iran Oil and Gas Network (citing Mehr News Agency)
- world-bank (June 2026): Said new-methodology estimates for Iran and Iraq are higher, that methodological revisions should not be read as actual changes, and that Iran's target timelines appear to have been pushed back. · World Bank
In court and with insurers
Every proceeding and every insurer decision on record.
Lawsuits and rulings
No court case on record. No court has ruled on this case.
Insurers
No insurer decision on record.
What nature saw
Outcomes measured on the ground, and nature's note.
Nature's report opens this page. Below: further outcomes measured on the ground.
Gas flared, 2025
29.93 bcm
World Bank estimate, 2026 edition; 13.85 bcm in 2012
Flaring intensity, 2025
19.55 m³ per barrel
11.21 m³ per barrel in 2012 (World Bank)
Value of flared gas
More than US$6 bn a year
Supreme Audit Court, as reported
Target to end flaring
2028
Ministry of Petroleum; the World Bank says timelines appear to have been pushed back
What we don't know
Undisclosed, unproven, untried: recorded as data.
Nature
- Disputed Gas collected versus gas flared
Money
- None on record Priced damage to nature from flaring — None on record.
- None on record West Karun associated-gas collection agreements, eight contracts (stated in EUR) — EUR 470 million.
Court
- None on record No court case on record.
Accounts
- Disputed Date by which flaring is to end
Record
- Not disclosed Not disclosed: contract values and contractor names for the November 2025, January 2026 and February 2026 recovery rounds (Shana).
- Not disclosed Not disclosed: volume and quality reports on gas recovered under the NISOC contracts; the NISOC chief executive said in January 2026 that they 'will be released soon'.
- Self-reported only Self-reported only: the ministry's gas-collection figures (3.3 bcm in 2024) and the 460% rise; the World Bank files show flare volumes rising in 2023, 2024 and 2025.
- Not measured Not measured: site-level flaring volumes in public form; the World Bank states its figures 'are estimates and do not reflect site measurements, which. are not typically public'.
- Not disclosed Not disclosed: an Iran-specific CO2-equivalent figure in the World Bank tracker report; its 2025 figures are global (429 MMtCO2e).
- Disputed Figures differ: the Supreme Audit Court, as reported, gave about 18 billion cubic metres lost as flare gas in the Iranian year 1402; the World Bank gives 26.01 bcm (2026 edition) and 20.42 bcm (2025 edition) for calendar 2023.
- Disputed Figures differ: Shana gave the NGL 3100 investment as about US$1.6 billion in August 2025 and over US$1.4 billion in January 2026.
- None on record None on record: a published detailed plan or progress reports on the South Pars flare-collection promises, according to Asr Iran (14 January 2026).
- None on record None on record: a court case on flaring in Iran; the Supreme Audit Court's reports are audit findings.
- Not disclosed Not disclosed: results of the flare-gas contracts signed in 2016, 2022 and 2023, which a private investor described on 26 February 2026 without monetary values.
Did the harm stop?
Flaring continued: the World Bank estimate rose from 26.01 bcm in 2023 to 28.51 bcm in 2024 and 29.93 bcm in 2025. The Ministry of Petroleum's target is to end flaring by 2028.
Who paid?
None on record for the flaring itself. The Supreme Audit Court, as reported, valued the annual loss of gas at more than US$6 billion; contract values for the 2025–2026 recovery rounds were not published.
Sources
Voices on record: — Company or project✓ Government and regulators— Courts✓ Press and investigations— Communities and civil society— Researchers✓ International bodies
Government and regulators
- Oil Ministry steps up drive to end gas flaringShana (Ministry of Petroleum) · 2026-01-05
- Iran expands gas recovery to cut flaring, protect national assetsShana (Ministry of Petroleum) · 2025-08-16
- Iran Eyes 500 mcf APG Collection in 2 YearsShana (Ministry of Petroleum) · 2022-03-03
- Iran to capture 90% of gas flares by mid-March 2028Shana (Ministry of Petroleum) · 2025-11-01
- Flaring gas recovery a strategic priority for oil industryShana (Ministry of Petroleum) · 2026-01-28
- Private sector steps up gas flaring collection effortsShana (Ministry of Petroleum) · 2026-02-26
Press and investigations
- Iran's Supreme Audit Court warns on rising flare gasIran Oil and Gas Network (citing Mehr News Agency) · 2026-02-26
- Where have the flare-collection promises got to? (in Persian)Asr Iran (citing Tejarat News) · 2026-01-14
International bodies
- Flare volume and intensity estimates 2012–2025 (2026 edition)World Bank · 2026-06
- Flare volume and intensity estimates 2012–2024 (2025 edition)World Bank · 2025
- Global Gas Flaring Tracker ReportWorld Bank · 2026-06-23
- Global gas flaring rises (press release)World Bank · 2026-06-23
- SO2 V2 catalogue of large anthropogenic and volcanic point sources (Catalogue_SO2_2025), 2005–2025NASA Goddard Space Flight Center · 2025
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- Venezuela tree cover loss, 2001–2024, and international forest finance Venezuela · 2001–2024
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Publishes the satellite-based flare estimates and tracker report; there: Agency for GEF project 2103
- World Bank $100m plastic waste bond tied to Verra credit sales Multiple countries · 2024
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Publishes the satellite-based flare estimates and tracker report; there: issuer of the bond
- World Bank $800m Uzbekistan operation; Tanzania project halted Uzbekistan · 2017–2025
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Publishes the satellite-based flare estimates and tracker report; there: lender; policy operation and REGROW financier
- World Bank and development bank accountability mechanisms: Embobut (Sengwer), Tata Mundra, Arun III, Jale, Cambodia Kenya · 2007–2024
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Publishes the satellite-based flare estimates and tracker report; there: Funder of the Kenya project; hosts the Inspection Panel
- World Bank inspection panel registers complaint over Rogun dam financing Tajikistan · 2024–2025
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Publishes the satellite-based flare estimates and tracker report; there: financier
- World Bank REGROW project, Ruaha National Park Tanzania · 2017–2025
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Publishes the satellite-based flare estimates and tracker report; there: Financier of the REGROW project
- World Bank US$600m farm loan coincided with a 90% fall in farm support Turkey · 2001–2003
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Publishes the satellite-based flare estimates and tracker report; there: Lender of the US$600m loan
- World Bank-backed Colombo flood work turned Beddagana wetland into a park Sri Lanka · 2010–2018
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Publishes the satellite-based flare estimates and tracker report; there: Funder whose support backed the programme