Red Sea-Dead Sea Water Conveyance: World Bank studies, the 2013 and 2015 agreements and the project's end
- International bodies World Bank experts (as reported by IPS, 2013): Gypsum precipitation could be mitigated by adding gypsum crystals at the discharge location; a modelling study recommended an intake depth of at least 140 m to protect Red Sea coral reefs. Inter Press Service
- Communities and civil society Friends of the Earth Middle East / EcoPeace (Gidon Bromberg, 2013): 'The two bodies of water won't mix, like oil and water'; concern about gypsum deposits, red algae blooms and pipe rupture in an earthquake polluting groundwater. Inter Press Service
- Researchers Geological Survey of Israel (May 2026 reply to the Comptroller): Concern about microbiological and geochemical changes in the Dead Sea from conveying foreign water into it. State Comptroller of Israel
- Company or project ICL Group (citing a Geological Survey study): An inflow of up to 400 million cubic metres a year is not expected to cause adverse material environmental effects; an inflow of about 250 million cubic metres a year would moderate the fall by about 35 cm a year. ICL Group
- Communities and civil society Experts quoted by Circle of Blue (2015): About 100 million cubic metres of brine and wastewater a year would not halt the decline; stabilisation would need about 800 million cubic metres a year. Circle of Blue
- Government and regulators Silvan Shalom (2013): 'The best option is a canal to pump 2 cubic billion metres a year from the Red Sea.' Inter Press Service
A World Bank-managed study programme examined a pipeline from the Red Sea to the Dead Sea; the press reported its feasibility study's capital cost as US$9.97 billion. Israel, Jordan and the Palestinian Authority signed agreements in December 2013 and, in a scaled-back form valued at US$900 million, in February 2015; Jordan was reported in June 2021 to have dropped the joint project. No pipeline was built and no effect on the sea's level has been measured.
Inter Press Service (25 February 2013), giving the World Bank estimate; Fanack gives US$10.6 billion for the preferred option and says no financing proposals were made. The scaled-back agreement of February 2015 was valued at US$900 million (Circle of Blue).
Status As of June 2026 (State Comptroller): the Israeli government had formed no policy on intervening in the Dead Sea's fall; Jordan was reported in June 2021 to have cancelled the joint conveyance project; no pipeline was built.
- Jordan (as planned) — An intake and desalination plant at Aqaba producing about 80 million cubic metres of fresh water a year, and an extra 50 million cubic metres a year from the Sea of Galilee Circle of Blue
- Israel and the Palestinian Authority (as planned) — Half to 60 percent of the Aqaba plant's output for Israel; 20 to 30 million cubic metres a year more for the Palestinian Water Authority Circle of Blue
- Israel — The canal would have cost Israel around US$1 billion (Times of Israel); Kan's sources said there was no real Israeli desire for it The Times of Israel
- The Dead Sea — The level kept falling: the State Comptroller records a fall of about 42 m to June 2025 and no government policy on intervening as of February 2026 State Comptroller of Israel
What happened
Israel's State Comptroller records that between 2005 and 2021 the Seas Conduit (Red Sea-Dead Sea) project was advanced with the World Bank, Jordan and the Palestinian Authority, with Knesset lobbying and supportive government decisions in 2007 and 2012. A round-table report of the Palestine Economic Policy Research Institute (MAS) of March 2013 says that in 2005 the three parties announced their agreement to study feasibility; that the World Bank hired experts and set up a multi-donor trust fund of eight countries; and that the five preliminary studies cost about US$16 million. Fanack gives the study programme's cost as US$16.7 million, financed by France, Greece, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, South Korea, Sweden and the United States. MAS summarises the feasibility study's scenarios: with no project, losses of about US$2.9 billion and a fall to 550 m below sea level over 150 years; a stabilisation-only option raising the level to 428 m below sea level with pumping of 1.2 billion cubic metres a year; and a full option stabilising at 416 m below sea level with pumping of 1.9 billion cubic metres a year and 850 million cubic metres of fresh water, at a cost of US$10 billion excluding transfers of water to Palestine and Israel.
Inter Press Service reported on 25 February 2013 that the studies, released the month before, judged the 180 km canal technically, environmentally and socio-economically feasible, at a total capital cost of US$9.97 billion, about half to be recovered by selling desalinated water and hydroelectricity and half to come from international development aid, with operation from 2020. Israeli regional development minister Silvan Shalom said "We don't want the Dead Sea to die; we want to revive it," and Gidon Bromberg of Friends of the Earth Middle East (EcoPeace) said "The project doesn't hold water", citing red algae, gypsum and the two waters not mixing. World Bank experts said gypsum precipitation could be mitigated by adding gypsum crystals at the discharge point. MAS reports that the alternatives study examined 21 proposals and found only two that met five criteria: a Mediterranean-Dead Sea conveyance and the Red Sea-Dead Sea conduit; and that the environmental and social assessment found eight elements associated with serious risks.
On Monday 9 December 2013 Israel, Jordan and the Palestinian Authority signed a trilateral memorandum of understanding at the World Bank in Washington, Israel National News reported on 10 December: a new desalination plant at Aqaba as the lynchpin of a sharing deal linking the Red and Dead Seas and the Sea of Galilee, with Jordan providing desalinated water to Eilat, Israel supplying northern Jordan with the same amount of water from the Sea of Galilee, and Israel raising its annual water sales to the Palestinian Authority by 20 to 30 million cubic metres. Israel National News also mentioned a separate US$980 million Jordanian project announced in August 2013. Circle of Blue reported on 27 February 2015 that the agreement then valued at US$900 million would see Jordan build a water intake at Aqaba and pump 200 million cubic metres a year to a desalination facility producing about 80 million cubic metres of fresh water, half to 60 percent of it going to Israel, with Israel selling an extra 50 million cubic metres a year from the Sea of Galilee to Jordan and 20 to 30 million cubic metres to the Palestinian Water Authority. The brine and wastewater going to the Dead Sea would be about 100 million cubic metres a year; experts quoted said stabilising the sea would need about 800 million cubic metres a year. Bromberg said "The Red-Dead project as devised by the initial terms of reference developed at the World Bank no longer exists."
On 17 June 2021 the Times of Israel reported, citing Kan, that Jordan had decided to cancel the joint project and to pursue an internal Aqaba intake and desalination project; unnamed sources told Kan there was "no real Israeli desire" for the plan, and the Times of Israel listed bureaucratic hurdles, financing difficulties, environmentalist objections, Israel's two years without a functioning government and diplomatic tensions as causes of delay. The article put the cost to Israel at around US$1 billion. In February 2022 Environmental Protection Ministry Director-General Galit Cohen named Red Sea water piped through a more modest pipe than the one proposed at the beginning of the millennium as one possible source. The State Comptroller's June 2026 report notes that as of February 2026 the government had not formed a policy on intervening in the fall of the sea, and its footnote gives the estimated annual cost of conveying water from the Red Sea as NIS 303 million. The Geological Survey of Israel told the Comptroller of concern about microbiological and geochemical changes from conveying foreign water into the sea.
- 2003NBC News reports a Red-Dead project that could cost as much as US$5 billion; Elias Salameh of the University of Jordan is quoted saying Jordan cannot afford it (10 December)
- 2005Israel, Jordan and the Palestinian Authority announce their agreement to study the feasibility of transferring water from the Red Sea to the Dead Sea
- 2013January: World Bank studies released, judging the 180 km canal feasible at a capital cost of US$9.97 billion (IPS, 25 February)
- 20139 December: trilateral memorandum signed at the World Bank in Washington
- 2015February: scaled-back agreement valued at US$900 million (Circle of Blue, 27 February)
- 202117 June: Jordan reported to have decided to cancel the joint project
- 202216 February: Director-General Cohen names Red Sea water via a more modest pipe as one possible source
- 2022June: Environmental Protection Ministry draft long-term policy report on intervening in the Dead Sea's water balance (as recorded by the State Comptroller)
- 2026June: State Comptroller special report: as of February 2026 the government had formed no policy on intervening in the fall of the sea
What was said
“We don't want the Dead Sea to die; we want to revive it,”
“This is a historic agreement that realizes a dream of many years and the dream of Herzl”
“We showed that we can work together despite the political problems”
“The project doesn't hold water”
“The Red-Dead project as devised by the initial terms of reference developed at the World Bank no longer exists.”
“That project has proven to be financially impossible, and environmentally, too many enormous questions marks.”
“The three governments spent a year or more trying to figure out what to do.”
“no real Israeli desire”
Where accounts differ
Each party's account, side by side, with its source. The record does not settle these points; it shows them.
Total capital cost of US$9.97 billion, about half to be recovered by selling desalinated water and hydroelectricity and half from international development aid.
Inter Press ServiceUS$10.6 billion for the preferred pipeline option; no financing proposals were made; the scaled-back project US$950 million.
Fanack WaterThe original project proved financially impossible; the 2015 agreement was valued at US$900 million (Circle of Blue).
Circle of BlueThe canal would have cost Israel around US$1 billion.
The Times of IsraelGypsum precipitation could be mitigated by adding gypsum crystals at the discharge location; a modelling study recommended an intake depth of at least 140 m to protect Red Sea coral reefs.
Inter Press Service'The two bodies of water won't mix, like oil and water'; concern about gypsum deposits, red algae blooms and pipe rupture in an earthquake polluting groundwater.
Inter Press ServiceConcern about microbiological and geochemical changes in the Dead Sea from conveying foreign water into it.
State Comptroller of IsraelAn inflow of up to 400 million cubic metres a year is not expected to cause adverse material environmental effects; an inflow of about 250 million cubic metres a year would moderate the fall by about 35 cm a year.
ICL GroupAbout 100 million cubic metres of brine and wastewater a year would not halt the decline; stabilisation would need about 800 million cubic metres a year.
Circle of Blue'The best option is a canal to pump 2 cubic billion metres a year from the Red Sea.'
Inter Press ServiceThere was 'no real Israeli desire' for the plan to go ahead.
The Times of IsraelThe project proved financially impossible and raised enormous environmental questions.
Circle of BlueNo statement on the reasons appears in the sources reviewed.
The decline of the Dead Sea results from Israel's exploitation of the Jordan River's water.
Palestine Economic Policy Research Institute (MAS)Some leaks suggested that the Jordanian and Israeli sides had started the project without notifying the Palestinian side.
Palestine Economic Policy Research Institute (MAS)At the signing, said the parties showed they can work together despite the political problems.
Israel National NewsHow it looked
Shown
- The canal was presented as a way to halt and eventually reverse the Dead Sea's decline while producing desalinated water and electricity, with half the cost recovered from sales.World Bank studies, as reported by Inter Press Service · Inter Press Service
- The 2013 memorandum was presented as a historic agreement ending 11 years of negotiations.Silvan Shalom and Israel National News · Israel National News
Recorded
- No pipeline was built. Jordan was reported on 17 June 2021 to have cancelled the joint project.
- The scaled-back project would send about 100 million cubic metres a year of brine and wastewater to the Dead Sea; experts quoted by Circle of Blue said stabilising the sea would need about 800 million cubic metres a year.
- As of February 2026 the Israeli government had not formed a policy on whether to intervene in the sea's fall.
- The sources reviewed record no spending on construction; the study programme's cost is given as US$16.7 million (Fanack) or about US$16 million (MAS).
In nature's name
Promised
- “We don't want the Dead Sea to die; we want to revive it,” — Silvan Shalom, Israel's minister for regional development, as quoted by Inter Press Service (25 February 2013) Inter Press Service
- “This is a historic agreement that realizes a dream of many years and the dream of Herzl” — Silvan Shalom, Israel, at the signing (9 December 2013) Israel National News
Money moved in nature's name
| What | Kind | Amount | Period |
|---|---|---|---|
| World Bank study programme: cost of the five studies (Fanack; MAS (2013) gives 'about $16 million') Multi-donor trust fund of eight countries managed by the World Bank Fanack Water | Spent | $17m | to 2013 |
| Capital cost of the conveyance in the feasibility study (World Bank estimate as reported by IPS; Fanack gives US$10.6 billion for the preferred option; no financing proposals were made) World Bank study Inter Press Service | Budget | $10bn estimate | 2013 estimate |
| Value of the scaled-back Israel-Jordan-Palestinian agreement (valued at US$900 million (Circle of Blue); Fanack gives US$950 million; no source records funds spent on construction) Israel, Jordan and the Palestinian Authority Circle of Blue | Budget | $900m | 2015 |
| Separate Jordanian Red Sea-Dead Sea project announced in August 2013 (mentioned by Israel National News; no further source) Jordan Israel National News | Budget | $980m | 2013 |
| Cost to Israel of the canal, as reported ('around $1 billion', Times of Israel (2021)) Israel The Times of Israel | Budget | $1bn estimate | 2021 report |
| Estimated annual cost of conveying water from the Red Sea (per year; footnote in the State Comptroller's report, from the 2022 draft policy report) Environmental Protection Ministry draft State Comptroller of Israel | Budget | 303m NIS estimate | 2022 |
Benefit to nature: what was measured
No pipeline was built, so no independent measurement of the project's effect on the Dead Sea exists. The projected levels come from the World Bank feasibility study as summarised by a Palestinian research institute (MAS, 2013) and are model projections.
Operation Cancelled · Jordan was reported on 17 June 2021 to have decided to cancel the joint project and to pursue an internal Aqaba intake and desalination project instead. The Times of Israel
Findings on record
- Official audit State Comptroller of Israel, special report on the government's handling of the fall of the northern basin of the Dead Sea (2026-06) · Aspects of the Government's Handling of the Fall in the Water Level of the Northern Basin of the Dead Sea and Its Effects (summary): “נכון לפברואר 2026 טרם גיבשה הממשלה מדיניות בנושא” original in Hebrew State Comptroller of Israel
Who gained
Reached nature or the ground
Gained elsewhere
Responses on record
- World Bank (27 February 2015): Its task team leader said in 2015 that the three governments spent a year or more trying to figure out what to do; the Bank's feasibility study found negative impacts could be mitigated and managed, according to press reports of its studies. · Circle of Blue
- Government of Jordan (17 June 2021): No statement giving reasons for ending the joint project appears in the sources reviewed; Kan reported that Jordan would pursue an internal Aqaba project. · The Times of Israel
- Government of Israel (9 December 2013): Minister Silvan Shalom called the 2013 agreement historic; no Israeli government statement on the 2021 report appears in the sources reviewed. · Israel National News
- Palestinian Authority (9 December 2013): Water minister Shaddad Attili said at the signing that the parties showed they can work together despite the political problems. · Israel National News
In court and with insurers
Lawsuits and rulings
Insurers
What nature saw
Nature's report opens this page. Below: further outcomes measured on the ground.
What we don't know
Nature
- Not measured Harm to nature: The record holds no measurement of harm to nature.
- Disputed Effects of the conveyance on the Dead Sea and the Red Sea
- Disputed Whether the scaled-back plan could stop the sea's fall
Accounts
- Disputed Cost of the conveyance
- Disputed Why the joint project ended
- Disputed The Palestinian role and interest in the project
- None on record Governments of Israel and Jordan: No statement on the reasons appears in the sources reviewed.
Record
- None on record None on record: any measurement of the project's effect on the Dead Sea; no pipeline was built, and the level projections come from the World Bank studies as summarised by MAS (2013).
- Unclear None on record: construction spending on the conveyance; the sources reviewed give the study programme's cost (US$16.7 million per Fanack; about US$16 million per MAS) and cost estimates, not outlays.
- Disputed Disputed: the cost. IPS gives US$9.97 billion (World Bank estimate), Fanack US$10.6 billion for the preferred option, MAS US$10 billion; the scaled-back agreement is US$900 million (Circle of Blue), US$950 million (Fanack), and Israel National News mentions a separate US$980 million Jordanian project.
- None on record None on record: a statement by the Governments of Jordan or Israel giving their reasons for ending the joint project; the reasons in the sources are those of unnamed sources via Kan and the Times of Israel, and EcoPeace.
- Unclear Unclear: the exact date of the 2015 signing; Circle of Blue dated its article 27 February 2015 and the sources opened give no signing date.
Did the harm stop?
Not applicable to the project: it was not built. The sources reviewed show the Dead Sea's fall continuing (State Comptroller, June 2026).
Who paid?
The study programme was financed by a multi-donor trust fund of eight countries (France, Greece, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, South Korea, Sweden and the United States, per Fanack) at US$16.7 million. The sources reviewed record no construction payments; the full project was to be about half recovered from sales and half from international development aid (IPS).
Sources
Company or project
- Dead Sea Water Level (ICL sustainability report 2021)ICL Group · 2021
Government and regulators
Press and investigations
- The dying Dead Sea (Hanson R. Hosein)NBC News · 2003-12-10
- Report on the Red Sea-Dead Sea Water Conveyance, part one of two (Pierre Klochendler, Ein Gedi dateline; headline not captured)Inter Press Service · 2013-02-25
- Israel and Jordan Agree to Share Water, But Fall Short of Saving Dead Sea (Kaye LaFond)Circle of Blue · 2015-02-27
- After years of delays, Jordan said to nix Red Sea-Dead Sea canal with Israel, PAThe Times of Israel · 2021-06-17
- Environment Ministry to propose minimum target for Dead Sea water level (Sue Surkes)The Times of Israel · 2022-02-16
- Red Sea-Dead Sea ProjectFanack Water ·
Communities and civil society
- The Red Sea-Dead Sea Water Conveyer: The Project, the Assessments and Potential Benefits to the Palestinian Territory (round-table final report)Palestine Economic Policy Research Institute (MAS) · 2013-03
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- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Managed the study programme and the multi-donor trust fund; host of the 2013 signing; there: issuer of the bond
- World Bank $800m Uzbekistan operation; Tanzania project halted Uzbekistan · 2017–2025
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Managed the study programme and the multi-donor trust fund; host of the 2013 signing; there: lender; policy operation and REGROW financier
- World Bank and development bank accountability mechanisms: Embobut (Sengwer), Tata Mundra, Arun III, Jale, Cambodia Kenya · 2007–2024
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Managed the study programme and the multi-donor trust fund; host of the 2013 signing; there: Funder of the Kenya project; hosts the Inspection Panel
- World Bank inspection panel registers complaint over Rogun dam financing Tajikistan · 2024–2025
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Managed the study programme and the multi-donor trust fund; host of the 2013 signing; there: financier
- World Bank REGROW project, Ruaha National Park Tanzania · 2017–2025
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Managed the study programme and the multi-donor trust fund; host of the 2013 signing; there: Financier of the REGROW project
- World Bank US$600m farm loan coincided with a 90% fall in farm support Turkey · 2001–2003
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Managed the study programme and the multi-donor trust fund; host of the 2013 signing; there: Lender of the US$600m loan
- World Bank-backed Colombo flood work turned Beddagana wetland into a park Sri Lanka · 2010–2018
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Managed the study programme and the multi-donor trust fund; host of the 2013 signing; there: Funder whose support backed the programme