Dead Sea Works concession, royalties, salt harvesting and the 2030 succession: Israel (with the Jordanian counterpart)
- In 2022 the ponds of the Israeli and Jordanian mineral industries evaporated about 300 million cubic metres of my water, according to Israel's State Comptroller. State Comptroller of Israel
- Salt falls on the bed of Pond 5 at about 20 million tonnes a year, according to ICL. Israel Chemicals Ltd. (US Securities and Exchange Commission filing)
- Government and regulators Finance and Environmental Protection ministries and the Tax Authority (draft franchise, September 2024): Proposed to charge for pumping from the Dead Sea to reflect environmental cost, halve the land, require clean-up of damage and subject the franchisee to planning and environmental laws; the 2019 Naveh proposal to limit pumping from the northern basin was dropped. The Times of Israel
- Communities and civil society Adam Teva V'Din (November 2024): Asked that bids be conditioned on repairing damage by 2028 and on completing the Pond 5 salt scraping, and proposed a fund fed by pumping fees and royalties; its calculation was NIS 320 million a year from 200 million cubic metres at NIS 1.6 per cubic metre. The Times of Israel
- Communities and civil society Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel (December 2025): The Finance Ministry chooses to focus on increasing revenues, streamlining the tender process and collecting taxes, and the state is missing a chance to restore water flow to the Dead Sea. The Times of Israel
- Company or project ICL spokesperson (September 2024): Welcomed the attempt to define the future conditions and reduce uncertainty. The Times of Israel
Dead Sea Works, a subsidiary of ICL, holds Israel's concession to take minerals from the Dead Sea until 31 March 2030. In 2012 the state and ICL agreed that the company would bear 80% of a salt-harvesting project at the southern evaporation ponds, with a higher royalty; in 2025 and 2026 the state agreed to pay ICL USD 2,540 million for the concession assets at expiry and to tender a new concession. The Dead Sea's level fell about 42 m between 1976 and 2025, and sources differ on the part of the fall caused by the plants' pumping.
ICL Form 6-K of 6 November 2025 (non-binding memorandum) and 28 January 2026 (binding agreement of 27 January 2026); payable 95% on 1 April 2030 and 5% on 1 September 2030, plus reimbursement of salt-harvesting investments made since 1 January 2025, which ICL estimates at hundreds of millions of dollars.
Status As of 28 January 2026 (ICL Form 6-K): binding agreement on USD 2,540 million for the concession assets, payable in 2030; the draft law of 3 December 2025 would raise the state's share of operating profits to 50%; no publication of the tender was found by 26 October 2026.
- ICL Group (Dead Sea Works) — Exclusive extraction of potash, magnesium and bromine from the sea to 2030; USD 2,540 million agreed for the assets at expiry ICL Group (US Securities and Exchange Commission filing, reproduced by Stock Titan)
- State of Israel — Royalties (USD 68,297 thousand in 2024), taxes (USD 72,507 thousand) and a proposed 50% share of operating profits; Finance Minister Steinitz expected hundreds of millions to a billion shekels each year from the 2012 deal ICL Group / Israel Corporation
- Arab Potash Company and the Government of Jordan — Royalties and tax of JOD 158 million in 2023 Arab Potash Company
- Arab Potash Company — Exclusive rights to extract, manufacture and market minerals from the Dead Sea until 2058 Arab Potash Company
- State of Israel — Water fees: the state wrote off NIS 65 million of an NIS 83 million bill in 2021 before the High Court ruled in December 2025 The Times of Israel
- The Dead Sea — Pumping for the plants is one of two human causes of the 42 m fall named by the State Comptroller; the plants' ponds evaporated about 300 million cubic metres in 2022 State Comptroller of Israel
What happened
ICL's 20-F states that Dead Sea Works (DSW) was granted a concession "to utilize the resources of the Dead Sea and to lease the land required for its plants in Sodom for a period ending on March 31, 2030". Reuters reported that DSW has held the concession since 1961 and that ICL bought DSW in 1975; the Times of Israel reported that DSW was nationalised in 1951, that the Knesset granted exclusive rights for 69 years in 1961 and that the company was privatised in 1997. ICL mainly extracts potash and magnesium. Under the Concession Law the government must first offer a new concession to DSW on terms no less attractive than those it may offer another party, and at the end of the concession all tangible assets in the concession area pass to the government in exchange for their amortised replacement value, according to the 20-F. ICL's reports describe royalties of 5% of the value of the products at the plant gate, less certain expenses. DSW paid royalties to the Government of Israel of USD 53 million, USD 60 million and USD 66 million in 2016, 2017 and 2018, and in 2018 USD 62 million for earlier periods, ICL reported. ICL's Form SD for 2024 lists payments by the Dead Sea project to Israeli authorities of USD 72,507 thousand in taxes, USD 68,297 thousand in royalties, USD 69,652 thousand in fees and USD 25,310 thousand for infrastructure improvements, USD 235,766 thousand in total.
The sea level has fallen about 42 m since 1976 and Israel's State Comptroller names the pumping of Dead Sea water for the Israeli and Jordanian mineral industries as one of two human causes, with the diversion of the water that used to flow in; the Comptroller's table gives about 300 million cubic metres of additional evaporation by the industries' ponds in 2022. ICL states that its net withdrawal is about 160 million cubic metres a year and that the level would fall by about 0.85 m a year instead of about 1.1 m a year without its southern-basin operations; Environmental Protection Ministry Director-General Galit Cohen said in 2022 that pumping by mineral companies on both sides accounts for around 50 cm of the 1.10 m annual drop. These accounts are set out in the sources reviewed on the level decline. Salt that precipitates in the southern evaporation ponds raises the bed of Pond 5, near the Ein Bokek hotels; ICL's 20-F for 2018 states that the precipitated salt creates a layer on the pond bed of approximately 20 million tonnes annually and that the permanent solution is designed so that raising the water level in Pond 5 would no longer be necessary after the harvesting.
On 7 October 2012 Ynet reported that Israel Corporation, which owns ICL, had signed with the government an agreement covering financing for protecting the Dead Sea, a salt harvest and higher royalties, based on principles agreed in January. Ynet reported that ICL would finance about 80% of the salt-harvesting project, at NIS 3.04 billion, that the royalty would be 10% on potash sales above 1.5 million tonnes, and that DSW would cover overruns not caused by changes by planning institutions. ICL's 20-F for 2015 states that "We will bear 80% and the government will bear 20% of the cost of the Salt Harvesting Project", that the government's share will not exceed a discounted amount linked to the CPI with 7% interest, and that the total cost was estimated in October 2010 by the Dead Sea Protection Company Ltd. at a nominal NIS 7 billion (a discounted NIS 3.8 billion). The 2018 20-F says the government's share would not exceed NIS 1.4 billion and that DSW signed an agreement for the first stage in October 2017. Finance Minister Yuval Steinitz said the agreement would bring the state hundreds of millions to a billion shekels each year; Environmental Protection Minister Gilad Erdan, months earlier, had called the deal a historic miss, and Adam Teva V'Din's director Amit Bracha said the state was choosing to cosy up to the financiers at the cost of its natural resources.
The state and ICL disputed royalties. The Israeli government demanded NIS 600 million in past mineral royalties through an arbitration that began in 2010, Calcalist reported in January 2018. ICL's 20-F for 2015 lists a provision of USD 149 million in 2014 and USD 10 million in 2015 "in respect of prior periods resulting from an arbitration decision", and the 20-F for 2018 states that ICL's position was that a royalty rate above 5% required its consent, which lapsed when the 2016 law was enacted, while the State held a different position; the State's 2010 demand for reconsidering royalties on magnesium production was also in arbitration. Separately, water fees: the Haifa District Court held in 2019 that the Dead Sea is covered by the Water Law; in October 2021 the state wrote off NIS 65 million of an NIS 83 million DSW water bill; DSW argued that its royalties covered the bills and that its franchise overrode the Water Law, the Times of Israel reported. In a petition by Adam Teva V'Din and Lobby 99 filed in 2022, the High Court of Justice ruled in December 2025 that DSW must pay water fees for the brackish water it uses, estimated at nearly NIS 500 million for 2017-2030; the Times of Israel put the estimate at NIS 500 million (USD 154 million). DSW does not pay for salt water pumped from the northern Dead Sea, whose salinity exceeds the level at which regulations allow charging, the Times of Israel reported in 2023.
On the succession, a team under Finance Ministry chief economist Yoel Naveh, set up in 2015, drafted recommendations to keep mining and to tender the rights with a minimum price, Calcalist reported in 2018. In September 2024 the Finance and Environmental Protection ministries and the Tax Authority published a draft franchise that would halve the land from roughly 160 square kilometres, charge for pumping from the Dead Sea, subject the franchisee to planning and environmental laws from which ICL had been exempt, and require clean-up of damage. On 5 November 2025 the government and ICL signed a non-binding memorandum of understanding; Reuters reported that ICL gave up its right of first refusal, may bid in the tender, and would receive about USD 3 billion if it lost the permit, a figure Reuters did not reconcile with the USD 2.54 billion consideration, and that ICL had earlier said its Dead Sea assets were worth USD 6 billion. A binding agreement followed on 27 January 2026: USD 2,540 million, 95% on 1 April 2030 and 5% on 1 September 2030, plus reimbursement of salt-harvesting investments, with raw-material supply for downstream industries running to 31 March 2035. On 3 December 2025 the Finance Ministry published a draft law raising the state's share of operating profits from 35% to 50% on a multi-year average, halving the franchise area from 3% to 1.5% of Israel's land surface and charging for water drawn from wells and the Dead Sea; a tender was planned for 2026. No source reviewed reports that the tender had been published by 26 October 2026.
Jordan's Arab Potash Company (APC) operates under a Jordanian government concession that runs to 2058. APC's 2023 results presentation lists royalties and tax of JOD 158 million, net consolidated revenues of JOD 793 million, potash production of 2,780 thousand tons and a main intake pump station project costing USD 231 million; it also lists a study on extracting lithium from the Dead Sea. The sources reviewed give no formula for APC's royalties and no APC statement on the sea's level.
- 1961Knesset grants Dead Sea Works exclusive rights for 69 years
- 2010State's royalty arbitration against ICL begins (Calcalist, 2018)
- 2010October: Dead Sea Protection Company estimates the salt-harvesting project at a nominal NIS 7 billion (discounted NIS 3.8 billion)
- 20127 October: Ynet reports the signed salt-harvesting and royalty agreement between Israel Corporation (ICL's owner) and the government
- 2014ICL books USD 149 million in respect of prior periods resulting from an arbitration decision
- 2015Government sets up a team headed by Yoel Naveh, Israel's chief economist, to examine ICL's permit and the rights after it expires
- 2017October: DSW signs an agreement for the first stage of the Salt Harvesting Project
- 2018DSW pays USD 66 million current royalties and USD 62 million for prior periods (ICL)
- 2019Haifa District Court holds the Dead Sea is covered by the Water Law
- 2021October: state writes off NIS 65 million of an NIS 83 million DSW water bill
- 2022Adam Teva V'Din and Lobby 99 petition the High Court on DSW water fees
- 202416 September: draft franchise published for comment by the Finance and Environmental Protection ministries and the Tax Authority
- 20255 November: memorandum of understanding signed (6-K of 6 November); 3 December: draft law published; December: High Court rules DSW must pay water fees
- 202627 January: binding agreement on USD 2,540 million for the concession assets (6-K of 28 January)
- 2030Concession ends 31 March; State pays 95% of the consideration on 1 April and the remainder on 1 September
What was said
“removed significant uncertainty and risk around the termination of the concession”
“continues to believe that it is the most suitable candidate for operating the future concession”
“intended to ensure the rightful share for the public and the State from this unique natural resource.”
“will ensure that the state maximizes economic value for the public”
“will bring the state hundreds of millions to a billion shekels each year”
“its shareholders earned a fortune, but the public's share was very small”
“The state is once again choosing to cosy up to the financiers at the cost of its natural resources.”
“The use of water by the Dead Sea Works in its industrial processes is not covered by the Concession Agreement.”
“Without this struggle, half a billion shekels would have been deducted from the public treasury.”
“We received the report and welcome the attempt to define the future conditions and reduce uncertainty”
“The report's recommendations aim to develop a regulatory model that will combine economic and environmental interests”
“chooses to focus on increasing revenues, streamlining the tender process, and collecting taxes”
Where accounts differ
Each party's account, side by side, with its source. The record does not settle these points; it shows them.
Welcomed the 'historic deal on the Dead Sea's natural resources', which with an amendment to the investment law 'will bring the state hundreds of millions to a billion shekels each year'.
YnetnewsCalled the deal a 'historic miss'; 'its shareholders earned a fortune, but the public's share was very small'.
YnetnewsThe state was once again choosing to cosy up to the financiers at the cost of its natural resources.
YnetnewsNo response to these statements is recorded in the sources reviewed.
Its water bills were covered by the royalties it pays the state, and its franchise agreement overrides the Water Law.
The Times of IsraelAs quoted by Adam Teva V'Din: 'The use of water by the Dead Sea Works in its industrial processes is not covered by the Concession Agreement.' It overturned the Ministry of Justice's interpretation exempting the company.
Adam Teva V'Din - Israel Union for Environmental DefenseDoubted it could prove in court that DSW must pay its water bills in full under the Water Law; the state wrote off NIS 65 million of an NIS 83 million bill in October 2021.
The Times of IsraelA royalty rate above 5% required the company's consent, which lapsed when the 2016 law was enacted; the company believes it more likely than not that its claims would be accepted in arbitration.
Israel Chemicals Ltd. (US Securities and Exchange Commission filing)The State holds a different position on the royalty rate in 2016.
Israel Chemicals Ltd. (US Securities and Exchange Commission filing)Proposed to charge for pumping from the Dead Sea to reflect environmental cost, halve the land, require clean-up of damage and subject the franchisee to planning and environmental laws; the 2019 Naveh proposal to limit pumping from the northern basin was dropped.
The Times of IsraelAsked that bids be conditioned on repairing damage by 2028 and on completing the Pond 5 salt scraping, and proposed a fund fed by pumping fees and royalties; its calculation was NIS 320 million a year from 200 million cubic metres at NIS 1.6 per cubic metre.
The Times of IsraelThe Finance Ministry chooses to focus on increasing revenues, streamlining the tender process and collecting taxes, and the state is missing a chance to restore water flow to the Dead Sea.
The Times of IsraelWelcomed the attempt to define the future conditions and reduce uncertainty.
The Times of IsraelHow it looked
Shown
- The 2012 deal was presented as a "historic deal on the Dead Sea's natural resources" that would bring the state hundreds of millions to a billion shekels each year.Finance Minister Yuval Steinitz, as reported by Ynet · Ynetnews
- The tender was presented as "competitive, international and equitable" and as intended to secure the public's rightful share of the resource.Israel's Finance Ministry, as reported by Reuters · Kitco (Reuters wire)
- The Dead Sea memorandum was described as removing significant uncertainty and risk around the termination of the concession.ICL Group · Kitco (Reuters wire)
Recorded
- The concession runs to 31 March 2030; under the Concession Law the tangible assets in the concession area pass to the government for their amortised replacement value.
- USD 2,540 million is payable to ICL for the assets, 95% on 1 April 2030 and 5% on 1 September 2030, plus reimbursement of salt-harvesting investments from 1 January 2025.
- DSW paid royalties of USD 53 million (2016), USD 60 million (2017) and USD 66 million (2018), plus USD 62 million for prior periods in 2018; the 2024 Dead Sea project royalties in ICL's Form SD were USD 68,297 thousand.
- The High Court of Justice ruled in December 2025 that DSW must pay water fees for the water it uses in the concession area.
- The draft law of 3 December 2025 would raise the state's share of operating profits from 35% to 50% on a multi-year average.
- The Comptroller's table gives about 300 million cubic metres of additional evaporation by the Israeli and Jordanian mineral industries' ponds in 2022.
Who gained
Reached nature or the ground
Gained elsewhere
Responses on record
- ICL Group (6 November 2025; 28 January 2026): Said the memorandum 'removed significant uncertainty and risk around the termination of the concession', that it continues to believe it is the most suitable candidate for the future concession, and that it does not expect the January 2026 agreement to have a material impact on its financial results. · Kitco (Reuters wire)
- Dead Sea Works (reported 30 May 2023): Argued in the water-bill dispute that its water bills were covered by the royalties it pays the state and that its franchise agreement overrides the Water Law. · The Times of Israel
- Israel Ministry of Finance (6 November 2025; 3 December 2025): Described the tender as 'competitive, international and equitable' and said the draft law would ensure the state maximises economic value for the public. · Kitco (Reuters wire)
- Arab Potash Company (2023 results, April 2024): Presents royalties and tax of JOD 158 million for 2023; no statement on the sea's level in the sources reviewed. · Arab Potash Company
In court and with insurers
Lawsuits and rulings
- 2022–2025Claimant wonNIS 500m Estimated fees for 2017-2030 (Times of Israel); Adam Teva V'Din says nearly half a billion shekelsAdam Teva V'Din and Lobby 99 petition on Dead Sea Works water feesHigh Court of Justice, Israel · Administrative · Adam Teva V'Din - Israel Union for Environmental Defense; Lobby 99 → State of Israel (the Ministry of Justice opinion that exempted Dead Sea Works from the fees); Dead Sea Works is the party affected
The petition challenged the Ministry of Justice's opinion that the Dead Sea concession exempted DSW from statutory water fees. The court ruled in December 2025 that DSW's use of water in its industrial processes is not covered by the Concession Agreement; Adam Teva V'Din said the court accepted its legal arguments in full. The Times of Israel reported in May 2023 that the High Court had ordered the state to explain why Mekorot was not charging DSW. ICL's response to the ruling is not recorded in the sources opened. Adam Teva V'Din - Israel Union for Environmental Defense
- 2010–Outcome not on recordNIS 600m Past royalties demanded, as reported by Calcalist (January 2018)State of Israel and ICL: arbitration over Dead Sea royaltiesArbitration panel under the concession · Arbitration · State of Israel → Israel Chemicals Ltd. / Dead Sea Works
Calcalist reported that the government demanded NIS 600 million in past mineral royalties through an arbitration that began in 2010. ICL's 20-F for 2015 shows provisions of USD 149 million (2014) and USD 10 million (2015) in respect of prior periods resulting from an arbitration decision; its 20-F for 2018 shows USD 62 million paid in 2018 for prior periods and a pending dispute on the royalty rate after 2016 and on magnesium royalties. The final outcome is not stated in the pages opened. CTech by Calcalist
Insurers
What nature saw
Nature's report opens this page. Below: further outcomes measured on the ground.
What we don't know
Nature
- Disputed Environmental terms of the next concession, including the pumping of Dead Sea water
Court
- Unclear State of Israel and ICL: arbitration over Dead Sea royalties: outcome not on record.
Accounts
- Disputed Whether the 2012 agreement gave the public a fair share of the Dead Sea's resource
- Disputed Whether the concession exempts Dead Sea Works from water fees
- Disputed The royalty rate owed after 2016
- None on record ICL Group: No response to these statements is recorded in the sources reviewed.
Record
- None on record None on record: the part of the Dead Sea's fall caused by Dead Sea Works or Arab Potash in centimetres a year according to an official 2024 estimate; the 2024 Times of Israel reports on the draft franchise give none. Accounts of the share are set out in the sources reviewed on the level decline.
- Unclear Unclear: the cost of the salt-harvesting project. Ynet (2012) gives NIS 3.04 billion as ICL's cost and about 80% share; the 20-F for 2015 gives a nominal NIS 7 billion and a discounted NIS 3.8 billion estimated in October 2010 for the total project, with the government's share capped at the discounted amount; the 20-F for 2018 caps the government's share at NIS 1.4 billion. The sources reviewed do not reconcile them.
- Unclear Unclear: the sum ICL would receive if it lost the permit. Reuters wrote 'some $3 billion' and also reported the USD 2.54 billion consideration; the 6-K gives USD 2,540 million plus reimbursement of salt-harvesting investments.
- Unclear Unclear: the High Court's estimate of water fees owed. Adam Teva V'Din gives nearly half a billion shekels for 2017-2030; the Times of Israel gives NIS 500 million (USD 154 million) for 2017-2030.
- None on record None on record: the outcome of the royalty arbitration begun in 2010, in the sources opened; ICL's filings show provisions and payments for prior periods and a dispute over the 5% rate.
- None on record None on record: the publication of the tender for the new concession as of 26 October 2026, in the sources reviewed.
- None on record None on record: the formula of Arab Potash Company's royalties to the Jordanian government; the company reports 'royalties and tax' of JOD 158 million for 2023.
- Insufficient Unconfirmed: that ICL's gross pumping from the northern basin was about 473 million cubic metres in 2022 with about 310 million returned, as stated on ICL's own sustainability page.
Did the harm stop?
The sources reviewed do not report that the plants' pumping has stopped. ICL states its net impact on the sea is steady and 'has not materially changed since the early 1990's'; the concession runs to 31 March 2030 and the draft law would charge for water drawn from the Dead Sea.
Who paid?
DSW paid royalties of USD 53 million, 60 million and 66 million for 2016 to 2018 and USD 62 million for prior periods in 2018 (ICL); the High Court ruled in December 2025 that DSW must pay water fees estimated at nearly NIS 500 million for 2017-2030. For the end of the concession, the State agreed to pay ICL USD 2,540 million for the assets.
Sources
Company or project
- Israel Chemicals Ltd., Form 20-F for fiscal year 2015Israel Chemicals Ltd. (US Securities and Exchange Commission filing) · 2016
- Israel Chemicals Ltd., Form 20-F for fiscal year 2018Israel Chemicals Ltd. (US Securities and Exchange Commission filing) · 2019
- ICL Group Ltd., Form 6-K: memorandum of understanding with the Government of Israel on the Dead Sea concessionICL Group (US Securities and Exchange Commission filing) · 2025-11-06
- ICL Group Ltd., Form 6-K of 28 January 2026 on the agreement with the State of Israel on the Dead Sea concession assets (as reproduced by Stock Titan)ICL Group (US Securities and Exchange Commission filing, reproduced by Stock Titan) · 2026-01-28
- ICL Group Ltd., Form 20-F for fiscal year 2024ICL Group (US Securities and Exchange Commission filing) · 2025
- Arab Potash Company: 2023 Full Year Earnings (presentation)Arab Potash Company · 2024-04-15
- ICL Group Payments to Authorities in Various Countries for the Year 2024 (Form SD, filed with the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange by Israel Corporation)ICL Group / Israel Corporation · 2025-09-28
- Dead Sea Water Level (ICL sustainability report 2021)ICL Group · 2021
- Overview (Arab Potash Company)Arab Potash Company ·
Government and regulators
Press and investigations
- Government proposes more taxes, stricter regulations for Dead Sea mineral extraction (Sue Surkes)The Times of Israel · 2024-09-17
- After 78 Years, Israel May Extend Dead Sea Mining Rights to Non-Israeli CompaniesCTech by Calcalist · 2018-01-24
- Gov't, ICL ink salt harvest dealYnetnews · 2012-10-07
- State told to explain why it slashed NIS 65 million from Dead Sea Works water bill (Sue Surkes)The Times of Israel · 2023-05-30
- ICL could lose Dead Sea concession in 2030 under government tender plan (Steven Scheer, Reuters)Kitco (Reuters wire) · 2025-11-06
- Israel publishes draft law seeking to boost state revenues from Dead Sea minerals (Steven Scheer, Reuters)Kitco (Reuters wire) · 2025-12-03
- After a decade of work, government publishes bill delineating future use of ailing Dead Sea (Sue Surkes)The Times of Israel · 2025-12-03
- State should include stricter requirements in new tender to mine Dead Sea -- lawyers (Sue Surkes)The Times of Israel · 2024-11-28
Communities and civil society
- Dead Sea: historic high court victory as DSW ordered to pay water fees following Adam Teva V'Din petitionAdam Teva V'Din - Israel Union for Environmental Defense · 2025-12
Connected cases
- Dead Sea level decline, sinkholes and the human uses of its water: Israel, Jordan and the West Bank Israel · 1930–2026 Related matter
- ICL Group (formerly Israel Chemicals Ltd.) (Company) — here: Owner of Dead Sea Works; counterparty to the 2012 salt-harvesting agreement, the 2025 memorandum and the 2026 agreement; there: Owner of Dead Sea Works, which pumps northern-basin water into the southern evaporation ponds
- Government of Israel (Government) — here: Grantor of the concession; party to the agreements and the tender; there: Decision 3742 of April 2018; has not decided on intervening in the fall
- Israel Ministry of Environmental Protection (Government) — here: Co-published the September 2024 draft franchise; there: Led the interministerial team on long-term policy for the northern basin; estimated costs of stabilising the level
- Arab Potash Company (Company) — here: Jordanian counterpart operating under a concession to 2058; there: Jordanian potash producer that pumps northern-basin water into evaporation ponds
- Red Sea-Dead Sea Water Conveyance: World Bank studies, the 2013 and 2015 agreements and the project's end Jordan · 2005–2021 Related matter
- Government of Israel (Government) — here: Grantor of the concession; party to the agreements and the tender; there: Party to the agreements; would have bought desalinated water and sold water from the Sea of Galilee
- Israel Ministry of Environmental Protection (Government) — here: Co-published the September 2024 draft franchise; there: Led the interministerial team that costed conveyance options in the 2022 draft
- Diversion of the Jordan River and its tributaries: volumes, users and the lost inflow to the Dead Sea Israel · 1960–2026
- ICL Group (formerly Israel Chemicals Ltd.) (Company) — here: Owner of Dead Sea Works; counterparty to the 2012 salt-harvesting agreement, the 2025 memorandum and the 2026 agreement; there: Attributes the Dead Sea's decline mainly to upstream diversions
- Government of Israel (Government) — here: Grantor of the concession; party to the agreements and the tender; there: Diverts Sea of Galilee water to the National Water Carrier; the Water Authority estimates riparian shares
- Israel tar spill, February 2021: unidentified tanker, IOPC Fund compensation and oiled turtles Israel · 2021–2022
- Government of Israel (Government) — here: Grantor of the concession; party to the agreements and the tender; there: Requested assistance from the IOPC Fund; claimant in the compensation process
- Jiyeh power plant oil spill (Lebanon, 2006) Lebanon · 2006–2025
- Government of Israel (Government) — here: Grantor of the concession; party to the agreements and the tender; there: State from which the resolution requests compensation
- Strikes on Iranian oil and gas facilities, June 2025 and March 2026, and damage at Qatar's Ras Laffan Iran · 2025–2026
- Government of Israel (Government) — here: Grantor of the concession; party to the agreements and the tender; there: Quoted by CEOBS on precautions in June 2025
- Strikes on Tehran fuel depots, March 2026: smoke, black rain and Iran's "ecocide" claim Iran · 2025–2026
- Government of Israel (Government) — here: Grantor of the concession; party to the agreements and the tender; there: Military statement on targets; authorities' statement on legal principles