Dead Sea level decline, sinkholes and the human uses of its water: Israel, Jordan and the West Bank
- In 2022 the water entering me from the Jordan River was under 100 million cubic metres, against 1,000-1,300 million cubic metres earlier in the 20th century, the Comptroller's table shows. State Comptroller of Israel
- In 2022 the evaporation ponds of the mineral industries in Israel and Jordan took about 300 million cubic metres of my water, according to the Comptroller. State Comptroller of Israel
- In the 2018/19 hydrological year I fell 113 cm, the Water Authority's data show, as reported by Ynet. Ynet
- A little over 100 sinkholes had opened along my shore in 1990 and more than 6,000 by 2017, the Geological Survey of Israel says. The Times of Israel
- Government and regulators Environmental Protection Ministry Director-General Galit Cohen (2022): Pumping by mineral extraction companies on both sides of the sea accounts for around 50 cm of the 1.10 m annual drop. The Times of Israel
- Company or project ICL Group: Its net withdrawal is about 160 million cubic metres a year; its share of the northern basin's annual depletion of 700 million cubic metres is about 23% and its share of an annual deficit of 1,700 million cubic metres is 9%; without its southern-basin operations the level would fall by an estimated 0.85 m a year instead of 1.1 m. ICL Group
- Communities and civil society Mira Edelstein, EcoPeace (2017): The Jordan River shortfall accounts for about 60% of the fall and the southern industry about 40%, against 70% and 30% earlier. The Times of Israel
- Press and investigations NBC News (2015): Potash mining accounts for about 30 percent of the water level drop. NBC News
- Government and regulators State Comptroller (2026), from the 2022 draft policy report: The mineral industries' evaporation ponds in Israel and Jordan took about 300 million cubic metres from the Dead Sea in 2022; the deficit was 650-750 million cubic metres. The report states no share of the fall for either company. State Comptroller of Israel
- Company or project Arab Potash Company: No statement in the sources reviewed.
- Government and regulators Israel Water Authority (reply to the Comptroller, May 2026): Israel's share of water consumption is about a third of the total reduction in flow to the Dead Sea; about two thirds is consumed in neighbouring countries (Jordan, Syria and Lebanon). State Comptroller of Israel
- Company or project ICL Group: Upstream use of about 1,400 million cubic metres a year that used to flow into the sea, by Israel, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon since the 1960s including about 50 dams in Jordan and Syria, is the main cause; industrial operations in Israel and Jordan add about 280 million cubic metres a year combined. ICL Group
- Communities and civil society Dr Jad Isaac, Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem (as summarised by MAS, 2013): The decline results from Israel's exploitation of the Jordan River's water. Palestine Economic Policy Research Institute (MAS)
- Researchers Elias Salameh, University of Jordan (2022): Attributes the decline mainly to upstream countries exploiting the sources that feed the sea, not to drought. Jordan News (citing Khaberni)
- Government and regulators Environmental Protection Ministry (as recorded by the Comptroller): No intervention would repair the main past damage or stop sinkholes and stream incision, which would continue for at least decades until the level stabilises. State Comptroller of Israel
- Researchers Geological Survey of Israel (May 2026 reply to the Comptroller): Concern about microbiological and geochemical changes from conveying foreign water into the sea; sinkholes, mud flats and stream incision would continue for at least decades even with stabilisation. State Comptroller of Israel
- Researchers Zohar Gvirtzman, director, Geological Survey of Israel (2024): Restoring the level would require adding 750 million cubic metres of water a year, which he said would not happen. The Times of Israel
- Government and regulators Tamar Regional Council (2026): Called for a strategic decision to plan the transfer of additional water to the Dead Sea to halt its retreat. Maariv
Israel's State Comptroller records that the Dead Sea's northern basin fell about 42 m between October 1976 and June 2025, and that it was projected in 2022 to keep falling by about 1.15 m a year without action. Official, company and NGO sources attribute the fall to the use of water that once flowed in, mainly from the Jordan River, and to pumping for the Israeli and Jordanian mineral industries; they give different shares to each.
State Comptroller of Israel, special report of June 2026: from about 398 m to about 440 m below sea level. The same report gives the 2022 Environmental Protection Ministry projection of about 1.15 m a year without action.
Status As of June 2026 (State Comptroller): the government had formed no policy on intervening in the fall, no sinkhole insurance mechanism was in place, and CTech reported an 18 cm fall to end April 2026 against 63 cm a year earlier.
- Water users in Israel, Jordan, Syria and the Palestinian Authority — Use of the river and stream water that once flowed into the sea, for domestic and agricultural needs; the Water Authority puts Israel's share of the consumption at about a third State Comptroller of Israel
- ICL (Dead Sea Works) and Arab Potash Company — Minerals from the water pumped from the northern basin into the southern evaporation ponds; ICL puts its net withdrawal at about 160 million cubic metres a year ICL Group
- Kibbutz Ein Gedi and Kibbutz Mitzpe Shalem — Date plantation, petrol station, resort village, beach, greenhouses and the Mineral Beach site lost to sinkholes State Comptroller of Israel
- Tamar and Megilot Dead Sea regional councils — Tourism and agriculture, their main livelihoods, damaged by the fall and sinkholes (State Comptroller) State Comptroller of Israel
- The Dead Sea — Level down about 42 m (1976-2025), inflow from the Jordan River under 100 million cubic metres a year in 2022, sinkholes along the shore State Comptroller of Israel
What happened
The Dead Sea has been measured systematically by Israel's Water Authority since 1976, according to the State Comptroller. In a special report of June 2026 the Comptroller wrote that the northern basin fell about 42 m between October 1976 and June 2025, from about 398 m to about 440 m below sea level, and that without action to restrain the fall the Environmental Protection Ministry's 2022 estimates expected it to continue at about 1.15 m a year. The report describes how the sea divided in the second half of the 20th century into a northern basin, which holds the natural sea, and a southern basin that dried out and has held artificial evaporation ponds, used by the Israeli and Jordanian mineral industries, since 1963. The US Geological Survey (EROS Center) lists rates of decline of 17 cm a year for 1930-1973, 62 cm for 1974-1979, 79 cm for 1981-1990 and 100 cm for 1994-2001, and cites a 2018 Environmental Protection Ministry report giving 1.2 m a year. Israel's Water Authority data, as reported by Ynet on 19 January 2020, gave a fall of 113 cm in the 2018/19 hydrological year against 96 cm in the previous period, with averages of 82 cm a year for 1976-2019 and 102 cm a year for 1992-2019; the same article cited a 2016 study by Lensky and Dente of the Geological Survey of Israel giving 120 cm a year. CTech reported on 14 October 2026 that the level fell 18 cm from the start of the 2025-2026 season to the end of April, against 63 cm in the same period a year earlier; the article names no data source for the Dead Sea figures.
The Comptroller names two human interventions as the cause of the fall: use of the water that used to flow into the sea (by damming and diverting the Jordan and Yarmouk rivers and streams from the east) for domestic and agricultural needs in Israel, Jordan, Syria and the Palestinian Authority, and pumping of Dead Sea water for the minerals industry at the Dead Sea plants in Israel and Jordan. A table in the report, from the June 2022 draft long-term policy report processed by the Comptroller's office, gives the sea's water balance in million cubic metres a year: Jordan River inflow of 1,000-1,300 in the first half of the 20th century and under 100 in 2022 (a reduction of about 90%); total inflows of 1,500-2,000 and then 300-350; evaporation of 1,500-2,000 and then about 700; additional evaporation of the mineral industries' ponds in Israel and Jordan of about 300 in 2022; and a deficit of zero and then 650-750. The Water Authority told the Comptroller in May 2026 that Israel's share of the water consumption is about a third of the total reduction in flow to the Dead Sea, and that about two thirds is consumed in the neighbouring countries (Jordan, Syria and Lebanon). The Geological Survey of Israel's Lensky and colleagues wrote in a 2006 abstract that the lake's average annual inflow in 1996-2001 was 265-325 million cubic metres, and that the level was falling by about 1 m a year.
The share attributed to the mineral industries varies by source. Environmental Protection Ministry Director-General Galit Cohen said in February 2022 that pumping by mineral extraction companies on both sides of the sea accounts for around 50 cm of the 1.10 m annual drop, as the Times of Israel reported. ICL, the owner of Dead Sea Works, states on its sustainability page that its net withdrawal is about 160 million cubic metres a year, that this is about 23% of the northern basin's annual depletion of 700 million cubic metres and 9% of an annual deficit of 1,700 million cubic metres, and that the level would fall by about 0.85 m a year instead of about 1.1 m a year if its southern-basin operations were halted. EcoPeace researcher Mira Edelstein said in 2017 that the Jordan River shortfall accounts for about 60% and the southern industry for about 40%, against 70% and 30% earlier. NBC News reported in 2015 that potash mining accounts for about 30 percent of the drop. Arab Potash Company's own pages in the sources reviewed make no statement on the sea's level. No official estimate dated 2024, in centimetres a year, of the share caused by Dead Sea Works or Arab Potash was found: the Times of Israel reports of 18 March, 17 September and 28 November 2024 on the draft concession terms state the causes but give no figure.
Sinkholes form where the falling level lets fresh groundwater dissolve underground salt layers, according to the State Comptroller and a preprint by Yizhaq and colleagues (formatted for Geophysical Research Letters). The Geological Survey of Israel counted a little over 100 sinkholes in 1990 and more than 6,000 as of 2017, the Times of Israel reported; a Geological Survey geologist, Ariel Meroz, said Jordan has about one-tenth as many as Israel. Yizhaq and colleagues wrote that there were more than 5,500 along the Dead Sea in Israel and that about 400 new ones had appeared each year since 2013. The Times of Israel reported in March 2024 that more than 7,000 had opened. The Comptroller lists damage on the western shore: the date plantation, petrol station, resort village and adjacent beach of Kibbutz Ein Gedi collapsed after sinkholes opened; a road section near Ein Gedi collapsed and other sections of Route 90 were closed at times by flooding; the greenhouses of Kibbutz Mitzpe Shalem were evacuated; and the Mineral Beach tourism site, a significant part of Mitzpe Shalem's income, collapsed and closed at the end of 2014. NBC News reported in July 2015 that the Mineral Beach resort had about 250,000 visitors a year before it closed, and that no injuries had been linked to sinkholes. The Comptroller found that as of August 2025 no insurance solution for sinkhole damage had been implemented, after about 25 years of attempts; that two of four projects to reduce damage to Route 90 were incomplete as of April 2026; and that 11 of 12 tourism projects were not completed, including ten budgeted at about NIS 98 million in government decision 3742 of 15 April 2018. The Geological Survey of Israel told the Comptroller that even if the level is stabilised or its fall slows, sinkholes, mud flats and stream incision will not stop for at least decades.
The Comptroller reported that the Environmental Protection Ministry's June 2022 draft long-term policy report recommended that the government intervene in the water balance to slow and stabilise the fall, with annual costs of the stabilisation alternatives of about NIS 150 million to about NIS 2.1 billion; that the interministerial team had produced no final report by February 2026; and that the minister had not submitted the recommendations to the government, contrary to an April 2018 decision that required it by December 2020. State Comptroller Matanyahu Englman said that the level is falling by 1.15 m a year and, according to Ynet, that the government is dragging its feet. Jordan's side appears in the sources reviewed through press reports: Dead Sea Friends Association head Zaid Al-Sawalqa said in 2022 that the level had fallen to 437 m below sea level, and University of Jordan professor Elias Salameh attributed the fall mainly to upstream countries' use of the sources that feed the sea. No Jordanian ministry statement on the level was found.
- 1930USGS lists a fall of 17 cm a year for 1930-1973, then 62 cm (1974-1979), 79 cm (1981-1990) and 100 cm (1994-2001)
- 1963Artificial evaporation ponds in the southern basin begin to serve the Israeli and Jordanian mineral industries (State Comptroller)
- 1976October: level about 398 m below sea level; the Water Authority's systematic measurements begin in 1976
- 1980Sinkhole formation along the shore first observed (Yizhaq and colleagues)
- 1990A little over 100 sinkholes, according to the Geological Survey of Israel (Times of Israel, 2017)
- 2006Lensky and colleagues (Geological Survey of Israel) give an average annual inflow of 265-325 million m3 for 1996-2001 and a fall of about 1 m a year over the previous decade
- 2014Mineral Beach tourism site at Kibbutz Mitzpe Shalem collapses and closes (end of year)
- 2017More than 6,000 sinkholes, according to the Geological Survey of Israel (Times of Israel, 13 February)
- 201815 April: government decision 3742 declares the northern basin a national priority area and budgets ten tourism projects at about NIS 98 million
- 202019 January: Water Authority data reported by Ynet give a fall of 113 cm in the 2018/19 hydrological year
- 2022June: draft long-term policy report recommends intervening in the water balance; 16 February: Environmental Protection Ministry says it will propose a minimum target level
- 2024March: the Times of Israel reports more than 7,000 sinkholes; September: draft concession terms published
- 2025June: level about 440 m below sea level; August: no sinkhole insurance mechanism implemented
- 2026June: State Comptroller special report
- 202614 October: CTech reports that the level fell 18 cm from the start of the season to the end of April, against 63 cm a year earlier
What was said
“Business as usual is not an option”
“The Dead Sea is a unique national and international asset whose level is falling by 1.15 meters a year.”
“If we got to the stage of limiting the decline to half a meter rather than 1.1 meters per year, what would we gain?”
“ICL Dead Sea's net impact on the Dead Sea water depletion is steady, and has not materially changed since the early 1990's.”
“Now, those numbers are closer to 60% and 40%, respectively”
“The Jordan is gone. If you don't do anything with that, it doesn't matter what the factories do.”
“Since 1980, the Dead Sea water level has dropped by about 100 feet, which is a rate of three feet a year”
Where accounts differ
Each party's account, side by side, with its source. The record does not settle these points; it shows them.
Pumping by mineral extraction companies on both sides of the sea accounts for around 50 cm of the 1.10 m annual drop.
The Times of IsraelIts net withdrawal is about 160 million cubic metres a year; its share of the northern basin's annual depletion of 700 million cubic metres is about 23% and its share of an annual deficit of 1,700 million cubic metres is 9%; without its southern-basin operations the level would fall by an estimated 0.85 m a year instead of 1.1 m.
ICL GroupThe Jordan River shortfall accounts for about 60% of the fall and the southern industry about 40%, against 70% and 30% earlier.
The Times of IsraelPotash mining accounts for about 30 percent of the water level drop.
NBC NewsThe mineral industries' evaporation ponds in Israel and Jordan took about 300 million cubic metres from the Dead Sea in 2022; the deficit was 650-750 million cubic metres. The report states no share of the fall for either company.
State Comptroller of IsraelNo statement in the sources reviewed.
Israel's share of water consumption is about a third of the total reduction in flow to the Dead Sea; about two thirds is consumed in neighbouring countries (Jordan, Syria and Lebanon).
State Comptroller of IsraelUpstream use of about 1,400 million cubic metres a year that used to flow into the sea, by Israel, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon since the 1960s including about 50 dams in Jordan and Syria, is the main cause; industrial operations in Israel and Jordan add about 280 million cubic metres a year combined.
ICL GroupThe decline results from Israel's exploitation of the Jordan River's water.
Palestine Economic Policy Research Institute (MAS)Attributes the decline mainly to upstream countries exploiting the sources that feed the sea, not to drought.
Jordan News (citing Khaberni)No intervention would repair the main past damage or stop sinkholes and stream incision, which would continue for at least decades until the level stabilises.
State Comptroller of IsraelConcern about microbiological and geochemical changes from conveying foreign water into the sea; sinkholes, mud flats and stream incision would continue for at least decades even with stabilisation.
State Comptroller of IsraelRestoring the level would require adding 750 million cubic metres of water a year, which he said would not happen.
The Times of IsraelCalled for a strategic decision to plan the transfer of additional water to the Dead Sea to halt its retreat.
MaarivHow it looked
Shown
- The company's sustainability page states that its net withdrawal is about 160 million cubic metres a year and that the decline of about 85 cm a year would continue if its southern-basin operations were halted.ICL Group · ICL Group
- The Environmental Protection Ministry's Director-General said that pumping by mineral extraction companies on both sides accounts for around 50 cm of the 1.10 m annual drop.Galit Cohen, as reported by the Times of Israel · The Times of Israel
Recorded
- Level of the northern basin fell about 42 m between October 1976 and June 2025, from about 398 m to about 440 m below sea level.
- Water balance, 2022 (draft policy report as processed by the Comptroller): Jordan River inflow under 100 million cubic metres a year against 1,000-1,300 earlier; additional evaporation of the mineral industries' ponds about 300 million cubic metres; deficit 650-750 million cubic metres.
- Water Authority estimate (May 2026): Israel's share of consumption is about a third of the total reduction in flow to the Dead Sea; about two thirds is consumed in neighbouring countries.
- Sinkhole damage on the western shore includes the Ein Gedi date plantation, petrol station, resort village and beach, the Mitzpe Shalem greenhouses and the Mineral Beach site; no sinkhole insurance mechanism was in place as of August 2025.
- As of February 2026 the government had not formed a policy on whether to intervene in the fall; the interministerial team's final report had not been produced.
- The Geological Survey of Israel told the Comptroller that sinkholes, mud flats and stream incision would continue for at least decades even if the level were stabilised.
Who gained
Reached nature or the ground
Gained elsewhere
Responses on record
- ICL Group (page read 26 October 2026): States that its net withdrawal is about 160 million cubic metres a year, steady since the early 1990s, that it accounts for about 23% of the northern basin's annual depletion and 9% of the deficit, and that the fall of about 85 cm a year would continue if its southern-basin operations were halted. · ICL Group
- Arab Potash Company: No statement on the sea's level or on its share of the fall appears in the sources reviewed.
- Government of Jordan: No ministry statement on the level or on Jordanian pumping appears in the sources reviewed.
- Geological Survey of Israel (May 2026): Told the Comptroller in May 2026 that sinkholes, mud flats and stream incision would continue for at least decades even if the level were stabilised, and expressed concern about microbiological and geochemical changes if foreign water were conveyed into the sea. · State Comptroller of Israel
- Tamar Regional Council (July 2026): Called on the government to make a strategic decision to plan the transfer of additional water to the Dead Sea to halt its retreat. · Maariv
In court and with insurers
Lawsuits and rulings
Insurers
What nature saw
Nature's report opens this page. Below: further outcomes measured on the ground.
What we don't know
Nature
Court
- None on record No court case on record.
Figures
- Self-reported only Icl net withdrawal million m3: ICL's own figure.
Accounts
- None on record Arab Potash Company: No statement in the sources reviewed.
Record
- None on record None on record: an official estimate dated 2024, in centimetres a year, of the part of the fall caused by Dead Sea Works or Arab Potash. The Times of Israel reports of March, September and November 2024 on the draft concession terms give none.
- Disputed Disputed: the share of the fall caused by mineral-industry pumping. Environmental Protection Ministry Director-General Cohen gave around 50 cm of 1.10 m (2022); ICL gives a 160 million cubic metre net withdrawal, 23% of the northern basin's depletion and 9% of the deficit, and says the fall would be about 0.85 m a year without its operations; EcoPeace gave 40% (2017); NBC News gave about 30 percent (2015).
- Disputed Unclear: ICL's 23% and 9% use different denominators (an annual depletion of 700 million cubic metres and a deficit of 1,700 million cubic metres); the Comptroller's table gives a 2022 deficit of 650-750 million cubic metres.
- Disputed Disputed: the current rate of fall. The Water Authority figures reported by Ynet give 113 cm for 2018/19 and 102 cm as the 1992-2019 average; Lensky and Dente (2016) gave 120 cm; the Environmental Protection Ministry gave 1.2 m (2018) and about 1.15 m projected (2022); ICL gives about 110 cm; CTech reported 18 cm for the 2025-2026 season to end April against 63 cm a year earlier.
- Insufficient Insufficient: the sinkhole count. The Geological Survey of Israel figures in the sources reviewed are quoted by newspapers (a little over 100 in 1990, more than 6,000 in 2017); Yizhaq and colleagues give more than 5,500; the Times of Israel gave more than 7,000 in 2024 without naming a counting body.
- None on record None on record: a statement by Arab Potash Company or by a Jordanian ministry on the part of the fall caused by Jordanian pumping, in the sources reviewed.
- None on record None on record: compensation for sinkhole damage from an insurance mechanism; the Comptroller found none in place as of August 2025.
Did the harm stop?
The sources reviewed do not report that the fall has stopped. The State Comptroller (June 2026) records that the government had not formed a policy on intervention as of February 2026; CTech reported an 18 cm fall to the end of April 2026, against 63 cm a year earlier.
Who paid?
No source reviewed records who compensates for the damage on the shore. The Comptroller found no sinkhole insurance mechanism in place as of August 2025; government decision 3742 (April 2018) budgeted ten tourism projects at about NIS 98 million, 11 of 12 tourism projects being unfinished by August 2025.
Sources
Company or project
- Dead Sea Water Level (ICL sustainability report 2021)ICL Group · 2021
Government and regulators
- Rates of Decline (Earth Shots: Satellite Images of Environmental Change)US Geological Survey, EROS Center ·
Press and investigations
- As the Dead Sea dries, its collapsing shores force a return to nature (Melanie Lidman)The Times of Israel · 2017-02-13
- Government preps new Dead Sea minerals tender, with lake's endangered future in focus (Sue Surkes)The Times of Israel · 2024-03-18
- Environment Ministry to propose minimum target for Dead Sea water level (Sue Surkes)The Times of Israel · 2022-02-16
- Dead Sea decreases between 1-1.5 meters annuallyJordan News (citing Khaberni) · 2022-11-17
- Israel's natural water reserves hit 100-year low after two years of drought (Shani Ashkenazi)CTech by Calcalist · 2026-10-14
Communities and civil society
- The Red Sea-Dead Sea Water Conveyer: The Project, the Assessments and Potential Benefits to the Palestinian Territory (round-table final report)Palestine Economic Policy Research Institute (MAS) · 2013-03
Researchers
- Scale-free distribution of Dead Sea sinkholes: observations and modeling (Yizhaq, Shalom, Raz, Ashkenazy; arXiv preprint, v2)arXiv / Geophysical Research Letters format · 2017-03-29
- Water, salt and energy balances of the Dead Sea (Lensky, Dvorkin, Lyakhovsky, Gertman, Gavrieli; EGU General Assembly 2006 abstract)European Geosciences Union / Geological Survey of Israel · 2006
Connected cases
- Diversion of the Jordan River and its tributaries: volumes, users and the lost inflow to the Dead Sea Israel · 1960–2026 Related matter
- State Comptroller of Israel (Public authority) — here: Audited the government's handling of the fall of the northern basin; special report of June 2026; there: Published the water balance table in its June 2026 report
- Israel Water Authority (Public authority) — here: Measures the level since 1976 and estimates the riparian shares of the reduction in flow; there: Estimated that Israel's share of the consumption is about a third of the reduction in flow
- Government of Israel (Government) — here: Decision 3742 of April 2018; has not decided on intervening in the fall; there: Diverts Sea of Galilee water to the National Water Carrier; the Water Authority estimates riparian shares
- ICL Group (formerly Israel Chemicals Ltd.) (Company) — here: Owner of Dead Sea Works, which pumps northern-basin water into the southern evaporation ponds; there: Attributes the Dead Sea's decline mainly to upstream diversions
- Government of Jordan (Government) — here: Riparian state; dams and diverts Yarmouk water; there: Diverts the Yarmouk's remaining water at the Adassiya dam to the King Abdullah Canal (EcoPeace)
- EcoPeace Middle East (Friends of the Earth Middle East) (NGO) — here: NGO that attributes shares of the fall to the Jordan River shortfall and the southern industry; there: NGO that published the roadmap for rehabilitating the Lower Jordan River
- Red Sea-Dead Sea Water Conveyance: World Bank studies, the 2013 and 2015 agreements and the project's end Jordan · 2005–2021 Related matter
- State Comptroller of Israel (Public authority) — here: Audited the government's handling of the fall of the northern basin; special report of June 2026; there: Audited the government's handling of the fall of the sea; June 2026 report
- Geological Survey of Israel (Research institution) — here: Counts and studies sinkholes; advises on the water balance; there: Told the Comptroller of concern about changes to the sea from conveying foreign water
- Israel Ministry of Environmental Protection (Government) — here: Led the interministerial team on long-term policy for the northern basin; estimated costs of stabilising the level; there: Led the interministerial team that costed conveyance options in the 2022 draft
- Government of Israel (Government) — here: Decision 3742 of April 2018; has not decided on intervening in the fall; there: Party to the agreements; would have bought desalinated water and sold water from the Sea of Galilee
- Government of Jordan (Government) — here: Riparian state; dams and diverts Yarmouk water; there: Party to the agreements; host of the planned intake and desalination plant; reported to have cancelled the joint project in 2021
- EcoPeace Middle East (Friends of the Earth Middle East) (NGO) — here: NGO that attributes shares of the fall to the Jordan River shortfall and the southern industry; there: NGO that opposed the original project on cost and environmental grounds
- Dead Sea Works concession, royalties, salt harvesting and the 2030 succession: Israel (with the Jordanian counterpart) Israel · 1961–2030 Related matter
- Israel Ministry of Environmental Protection (Government) — here: Led the interministerial team on long-term policy for the northern basin; estimated costs of stabilising the level; there: Co-published the September 2024 draft franchise
- Government of Israel (Government) — here: Decision 3742 of April 2018; has not decided on intervening in the fall; there: Grantor of the concession; party to the agreements and the tender
- ICL Group (formerly Israel Chemicals Ltd.) (Company) — here: Owner of Dead Sea Works, which pumps northern-basin water into the southern evaporation ponds; there: Owner of Dead Sea Works; counterparty to the 2012 salt-harvesting agreement, the 2025 memorandum and the 2026 agreement
- Arab Potash Company (Company) — here: Jordanian potash producer that pumps northern-basin water into evaporation ponds; there: Jordanian counterpart operating under a concession to 2058
- Israel tar spill, February 2021: unidentified tanker, IOPC Fund compensation and oiled turtles Israel · 2021–2022
- Government of Israel (Government) — here: Decision 3742 of April 2018; has not decided on intervening in the fall; there: Requested assistance from the IOPC Fund; claimant in the compensation process
- Jiyeh power plant oil spill (Lebanon, 2006) Lebanon · 2006–2025
- Government of Israel (Government) — here: Decision 3742 of April 2018; has not decided on intervening in the fall; there: State from which the resolution requests compensation
- Strikes on Iranian oil and gas facilities, June 2025 and March 2026, and damage at Qatar's Ras Laffan Iran · 2025–2026
- Government of Israel (Government) — here: Decision 3742 of April 2018; has not decided on intervening in the fall; there: Quoted by CEOBS on precautions in June 2025
- Strikes on Tehran fuel depots, March 2026: smoke, black rain and Iran's "ecocide" claim Iran · 2025–2026
- Government of Israel (Government) — here: Decision 3742 of April 2018; has not decided on intervening in the fall; there: Military statement on targets; authorities' statement on legal principles