Cases / Oil, gas and coal operations · Venezuela · 2012–2026
Venezuela gas flaring and methane from oil and gas
Nature's voice · report
My air received 13.33 bcm of flared gas from Venezuela in 2024 under the World Bank's 2026 method; the 2025 Tracker gave 8.31 bcm.
Did nature suffer? Yes. Harm is on record. Disputed
Recorded
- My atmosphere received an estimated 9.0 (4.7–9.6) Tg a-1 of methane from Venezuela, a factor of 2.5 above its UNFCCC report, according to East et al. (2025). Nature Communications (East, Jacob et al.)
- Venezuela's upstream oil and gas methane intensity was nearly six times the global average and its flaring intensity around 12 times higher, according to the IEA (2026). International Energy Agency
- A plume was detected at an oil and gas site in Punta de Mata, Monagas, on 9 March 2025, by EnMAP; no emission rate or notification status was given (UNEP IMEO). UNEP International Methane Emissions Observatory (Irakulis-Loitxate), IWGGMS-21
- Burnt material from flares falls on roofs at Potrerito, Monagas, according to a resident quoted by Reuters (2023). Reuters (via Hydrocarbon Processing)
- In 2024, 46% of Venezuela's gas output was flared and 8% vented, according to Energy Analytics Institute data cited by Global Witness. Global Witness
What the record lacks: 4 none on record · 1 not disclosed · 1 insufficient · 1 self-reported only · 5 disputed See the gaps
Accounts of the harm differ
World Bank flare volume for Venezuela in 2024
- International bodies World Bank, Global Gas Flaring Tracker 2025 (earlier method): 8.31 bcm in 2024; 8.59 bcm in 2020. World Bank
- International bodies World Bank, Global Gas Flaring Tracker 2026 (new method): 13.33 bcm in 2024 and 16.77 bcm in 2020; the new method gives higher estimates for Venezuela, 'better representing the volume of very large flares'. World Bank
Venezuela's methane emissions
- Researchers Nathan et al., Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2024): 7.5 (5.7–9.3) Tg a-1 nationally in 2019; emissions from oil exploitation about 1.6 times bottom-up inventories. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 24, 6845–6863 (Nathan et al.)
- Researchers East et al., Nature Communications (2025): 9.0 (4.7–9.6) Tg a-1, a factor of 2.5 above Venezuela's UNFCCC report; the oil-gas sector is 4.8 times larger than the UNFCCC prior. Nature Communications (East, Jacob et al.)
- International bodies IEA inventory, as cited by the NBER paper: About 3.6 Mt a-1 of methane from oil and gas. NBER Working Paper 35512 (Fioretti, FitzPatrick, Iaria)
The World Bank, the IEA and satellite studies record high flaring intensity and methane emissions from Venezuelan oil and gas operations, mainly in Monagas and around Lake Maracaibo. The World Bank changed its method in June 2026, raising its flare-volume estimates; an NBER paper estimates the climate damage of flaring and venting at about US$11 billion a year.
≈ US$11 billion estimateEstimated climate damage of flaring and venting, per year (Fioretti, FitzPatrick and Iaria, NBER, July 2026)
Estimate: about US$5 billion from flaring and US$6 billion from venting. A monetised damage estimate, not a payment.
Estimate: about US$5 billion from flaring and US$6 billion from venting. A monetised damage estimate, not a payment.
Status As of July 2026: the World Bank Tracker (June 2026) puts Venezuela's 2025 flare volume at 13.46 bcm under its new method; no fine, charge or proceeding over flaring is on record.
What?
Gas flaring, venting and leaks from Venezuelan oil and gas operations, recorded by the World Bank, the IEA and satellite studies, with a monetised climate-damage estimate of about US$11 billion a year from an NBER paper. NBER Working Paper 35512 (Fioretti, FitzPatrick, Iaria)
Where?
Mainly Monagas state (Punta de Mata, Santa Bárbara and Maturín area, Orinoco Belt; about 9.70 N, 63.62 W) and Lake Maracaibo (about 9.8 N, 71.6 W). International Energy Agency
When?
World Bank series 2012–2025; satellite detections 2018–2025; estimates published 2024–2026. World Bank
Who?
Gained
None on recordLost
- Residents of Potrerito, Monagas — Burnt material from flares falls on house roofs, according to a resident quoted by Reuters Reuters (via Hydrocarbon Processing)
Harmed
- Atmosphere (climate) — National methane emissions estimated at 7.5 to 9.0 Tg a-1; flare volume of 13.33 bcm in 2024 (World Bank 2026 Tracker) Nature Communications (East, Jacob et al.)
Why?
The World Bank cites outdated infrastructure, gas-processing bottlenecks and the outage of the Muscar–Soto line; the NBER paper links maintenance spending under the Chevron licence to lower flaring. World Bank
How?
Gas is flared, vented or leaked at oil and gas facilities; the World Bank and IEA record volumes and intensities, satellite studies estimate methane, and the NBER paper values the damage at the EPA social costs of carbon and methane. NBER Working Paper 35512 (Fioretti, FitzPatrick, Iaria)
6 of 6 questions answered from the record
What happened
The record, in order.
The World Bank's Global Gas Flaring Tracker series for Venezuela changed with the June 2026 edition. The 2026 Tracker uses a new method that, according to the Tracker, better represents the volume of very large flares. For 2024 the 2025 Tracker gave 8.31 billion cubic metres (bcm) and the 2026 Tracker gives 13.33 bcm; for 2020 the figures are 8.59 and 16.77 bcm, for 2012 8.15 and 13.83 bcm. The 2026 Tracker gives 13.46 bcm for 2025. Flaring intensity in the 2026 series was 87.20 cubic metres per barrel in 2020, 42.29 in 2024 and 38.07 in 2025; the 2025 series gave 44.65 for 2020 and 26.38 for 2024. The global flaring intensity was 5.4 m3 per barrel in 2025. In the same World Bank file oil production falls from 2,500 thousand barrels a day in 2012 to 527 in 2020, then rises to 968 in 2025.
The June 2026 Tracker states that Venezuela's flaring intensity dropped 10% in 2025, 'the fourth consecutive year of steep intensity decline', while flare volume rose by under 1%. It adds that Venezuela 'retains one of the highest flaring intensities in the world' because of outdated infrastructure, gas-processing bottlenecks and the outage of the Muscar–Soto line. In a press release of 23 June 2026 the World Bank put global flaring in 2025 at 167 bcm and named Venezuela among nine countries that account for more than four-fifths of it.
The IEA's Global Methane Tracker 2026 states that Venezuela's upstream oil and gas methane intensity is nearly six times the global average and its flaring intensity around 12 times higher, that about half of Central and South America's fossil-fuel methane (just under 8 Mt in 2025) came from Venezuelan oil and gas facilities, and that Venezuela is the only major regional producer that has not signed the Global Methane Pledge. Reuters (17 August 2023) cited the IEA ranking Venezuela the 17th largest emitter of methane from flaring and leaks in 2022; Global Witness cited the IEA's 2025 edition as six times and ten times the global average.
Satellite studies put the emissions higher than inventories. East et al. (Nature Communications, December 2025) estimated Venezuela's methane emissions at 9.0 (4.7–9.6) Tg a-1, a factor of 2.5 above its UNFCCC report, with the oil-gas sector 4.8 times larger than the UNFCCC prior. Nathan et al. (Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2024) estimated national emissions of 7.5 (5.7–9.3) Tg a-1 in 2019, with emissions from oil exploitation about 1.6 times bottom-up inventories. UNEP's International Methane Emissions Observatory showed an EnMAP detection at an oil and gas site in Punta de Mata on 9 March 2025. Global Witness reported that PDVSA's Santa Bárbara and Field 76 sites were among the top five flaring sites globally in 2024.
On money, Capterio estimated that about 13 billion m3 of gas is flared, vented or leaked each year, about US$1.4 billion in lost potential revenue (The News, 10 January 2026). Fioretti, FitzPatrick and Iaria (NBER Working Paper 35512, July 2026) estimated climate damage of about US$5 billion a year from flaring and about US$6 billion from venting, and attributed roughly US$7 billion a year of this to sanctions. They found that under the US licence that allowed Chevron to resume operations at its four Venezuelan joint ventures from November 2022 (OFAC General License 41), higher maintenance spending was associated with lower flaring.
- 2012Start of the World Bank flare-volume series used here (8.15 bcm in the 2025 Tracker; 13.83 bcm in the 2026 Tracker)
- 2019Nathan et al. estimate national methane emissions of 7.5 (5.7–9.3) Tg a-1
- 2022OFAC General License 41 allows Chevron to resume operations at its four joint ventures (Nov); Venezuela is the 17th largest emitter of methane from flaring and leaks (IEA via Reuters)
- 2023Reuters reports that PDVSA and the environment ministry gave no response and that pledges state no investment or timeline (17 Aug)
- 2024Santa Bárbara and Field 76 among the top five flaring sites globally (Global Witness)
- 2025EnMAP detection at Punta de Mata (9 Mar); East et al. published (11 Dec)
- 2026Global Witness warning (16 Jan); World Bank Tracker with new method (23 Jun); NBER Working Paper 35512 (Jul)
What was said
Claims, in the words of those who made them.
“about $5 billion (bn) of climate damage a year and the gas vented about $6 bn, some $11 bn in all, or forty dollars for every barrel Venezuela still produces”
“the fourth consecutive year of steep intensity decline”
“retains one of the highest flaring intensities in the world”
“nearly six times the global average”
“Venezuela's oil industry is among the most polluting and poorly maintained in the world.”
“Sometimes the flares expel burnt material, which falls on house roofs.”
“a one-percent rise in per-barrel upkeep is associated with about 0.54 percent lower flaring volume”
Where accounts differ
Each party's account, side by side, with its source. The record does not settle these points; it shows them.
World Bank flare volume for Venezuela in 2024
International bodies
World Bank, Global Gas Flaring Tracker 2025 (earlier method)
8.31 bcm in 2024; 8.59 bcm in 2020.
World BankInternational bodies
World Bank, Global Gas Flaring Tracker 2026 (new method)
13.33 bcm in 2024 and 16.77 bcm in 2020; the new method gives higher estimates for Venezuela, 'better representing the volume of very large flares'.
World BankVenezuela's methane emissions
Researchers
Nathan et al., Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2024)
7.5 (5.7–9.3) Tg a-1 nationally in 2019; emissions from oil exploitation about 1.6 times bottom-up inventories.
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 24, 6845–6863 (Nathan et al.)Researchers
East et al., Nature Communications (2025)
9.0 (4.7–9.6) Tg a-1, a factor of 2.5 above Venezuela's UNFCCC report; the oil-gas sector is 4.8 times larger than the UNFCCC prior.
Nature Communications (East, Jacob et al.)International bodies
IEA inventory, as cited by the NBER paper
About 3.6 Mt a-1 of methane from oil and gas.
NBER Working Paper 35512 (Fioretti, FitzPatrick, Iaria)Response to Reuters on spills and flaring
Company or project
PDVSA and the oil ministry
No response to Reuters in 2023.
Reuters (via Hydrocarbon Processing)How it looked
What was shown, beside what was recorded.
Shown
- Environmental efforts that, according to Reuters, do not address spills and flaring and state no investment or timelinePDVSA and the environment ministry, as reported by Reuters · Reuters (via Hydrocarbon Processing)
Recorded
- World Bank flare volume for Venezuela in 2024: 8.31 bcm (2025 Tracker) and 13.33 bcm (2026 Tracker, new method); 2025: 13.46 bcm (2026 Tracker).
- World Bank flaring intensity for Venezuela in 2024: 26.38 m3 per barrel (2025 Tracker) and 42.29 (2026 Tracker); 38.07 in 2025 against a global 5.4.
- IEA: about half of Central and South America's fossil-fuel methane (just under 8 Mt in 2025) came from Venezuelan oil and gas facilities; the IEA's inventory gives about 3.6 Mt a year for oil and gas, as cited by the NBER paper.
- Global Witness: 2024 gas output of 3,895 million cubic feet a day, 46% flared and 8% vented (Energy Analytics Institute data); flaring and venting would rise from 76 Mt CO2 a year (at 1.4 million barrels a day) to 250 Mt CO2 a year (at 3 million) with no improvement in gas capture (an estimate).
- World Bank press release (23 June 2026): global flaring of 167 bcm in 2025, with Venezuela one of nine countries accounting for more than four-fifths of it; the release puts the value of wasted gas at about US$54 billion globally.
- Capterio estimated that about 13 billion m3 of gas is flared, vented or leaked in Venezuela each year, about US$1.4 billion in lost potential revenue (reported January 2026).
- Gas Energy Latin America estimated that PDVSA burns and vents about 1.7 billion cubic feet a day in Monagas, and that the Amuay refinery flares about 24 million cubic feet a day (Reuters, 2023).
Who gained
Money that reached nature, beside money that stayed elsewhere.
Reached nature or the ground
—
Climate damage of gas flared (social-cost valuation) estimate≈ $5bn
Fioretti, FitzPatrick and Iaria (NBER, July 2026); based on about 13.7 bn m3 flared a year over 2022–2024 and the EPA social cost of carbon of US$190/t CO2.
Climate damage of gas vented (social-cost valuation) estimate≈ $6bn
Same paper; based on the IEA inventory of about 3.6 Mt methane a year and the EPA social cost of methane of US$1,600/t.
Gained elsewhere
Not totalled
Lost potential revenue from gas flared, vented or leaked (Capterio estimate) estimate≈ $1.4bn
About 13 billion m3 a year, reported by The News (10 January 2026).
Analyst's estimate of the cost of repairing pipes and installing gas capture in Monagas estimate> $3bn
Nelson Hernández, quoted by Reuters.
Estimated cost of pipeline infrastructure alone estimate$8bn
Berg (CSIS, 2021), cited by the NBER paper.
Currency: USD · Window: per year. All figures cover the same period. * Estimate built from cited figures.
Responses on record
- pdvsa (17 August 2023): PDVSA and the oil ministry did not respond to Reuters' request for comment. · Reuters (via Hydrocarbon Processing)
- world-bank (June 2026): The June 2026 Tracker states that Venezuela's flaring intensity dropped 10% in 2025 and that it retains one of the highest flaring intensities in the world. · World Bank
In court and with insurers
Every proceeding and every insurer decision on record.
Lawsuits and rulings
No court case on record. No court has ruled on this case.
Insurers
No insurer decision on record.
What nature saw
Outcomes measured on the ground, and nature's note.
Nature's report opens this page. Below: further outcomes measured on the ground.
Flare volume, 2024
8.31 or 13.33 bcm
World Bank 2025 Tracker (earlier method) and 2026 Tracker (new method)
Methane, national
9.0 (4.7–9.6) Tg a-1
East et al. (2025), satellite inversion; a factor of 2.5 above the UNFCCC report
Flaring intensity, 2025
38.07 m3 per barrel
World Bank 2026 Tracker; global 5.4
Climate damage of flaring and venting
≈ US$11 bn a year
NBER estimate (July 2026)
What we don't know
Undisclosed, unproven, untried: recorded as data.
Court
- None on record No court case on record.
Accounts
- Disputed Response to Reuters on spills and flaring
- None on record PDVSA and the oil ministry: No response to Reuters in 2023.
Record
- None on record None on record: a fine, charge or proceeding over flaring or venting in Venezuela.
- None on record None on record: a plan with stated investments or timelines; Reuters (2023) reported that pledges by PDVSA and the environment ministry do not address spills and flaring.
- Disputed Figures differ: World Bank flare volume for Venezuela. The 2025 Tracker gives 8.31 bcm for 2024 and the 2026 Tracker 13.33 bcm, after the Bank changed its method.
- Disputed Figures differ: methane totals. 7.5 Tg a-1 for 2019 (Nathan et al.), 9.0 Tg a-1 (East et al.) and about 3.6 Mt a-1 for oil and gas (IEA inventory, as cited by the NBER paper); the figures cover different scopes and years.
- Self-reported only Self-reported only: the lost-revenue estimate of about US$1.4 billion comes from Capterio, as reported by The News (January 2026).
- Insufficient Insufficient: the EnMAP detection at Punta de Mata (9 March 2025) gives no emission rate or notification status.
- Not disclosed Not disclosed: a response from PDVSA or the oil ministry to Reuters in 2023.
Did the harm stop?
No. The World Bank 2026 Tracker gives 13.46 bcm flared in 2025 and states that flare volume rose by under 1% that year.
Who paid?
None on record. The NBER estimate of climate damage is a monetised valuation, not a payment; no fine or charge is on record.
Sources
Voices on record: — Company or project— Government and regulators— Courts✓ Press and investigations✓ Communities and civil society✓ Researchers✓ International bodies
Press and investigations
- Venezuela fails to curb oil leaks, gas flaring despite pledgesReuters (via Hydrocarbon Processing) · 2023-08-17
- Venezuela no logra frenar los derrames de petróleo y quema de gas (Venezuela fails to stop oil spills and gas flaring)Reuters (via LM Neuquén) · 2023-08-17
- Venezuela's failing energy grid spewing giant plumes of methaneThe News (Pakistan) · 2026-01-10
Communities and civil society
- Ramping up Venezuela oil production could risk 'methane bomb', data showsGlobal Witness · 2026-01-16
Researchers
- Worldwide inference of national methane emissions by inversion of satellite observations with UNFCCC prior estimatesNature Communications (East, Jacob et al.) · 2025-12-11
- Assessing methane emissions from collapsing Venezuelan oil production using TROPOMIAtmospheric Chemistry and Physics 24, 6845–6863 (Nathan et al.) · 2024-06-13
- The Environmental Costs of Sanctions: Flaring and Venting in VenezuelaNBER Working Paper 35512 (Fioretti, FitzPatrick, Iaria) · 2026-07
International bodies
- Flare volume and intensity estimates 2012–2025 (xlsx)World Bank · 2026-06
- Flare volume and intensity estimates 2012–2024 (xlsx)World Bank · 2025-07
- Global Gas Flaring Tracker Report, June 2026 (copy hosted by DevelopmentAid)World Bank · 2026-06-23
- Global Flaring Rises Three Years in a Row, Undermining Energy SecurityWorld Bank · 2026-06-23
- Global Methane Tracker 2026: Regional insightsInternational Energy Agency · 2026
- UNEP's IMEO Methane Alert and Response System: current statusUNEP International Methane Emissions Observatory (Irakulis-Loitxate), IWGGMS-21 · 2025
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- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Publishes the Global Gas Flaring Tracker; changed its method in June 2026; there: Financier; its Inspection Panel reviewed the resettlement
- Paraquat litigation (Syngenta/Chevron) and the Paraquat Papers United States · 1958–2026
- Chevron (Company) — here: Operator of four joint ventures under OFAC General License 41; there: US distributor of paraquat, 1966 to 1986
- Quest CCS (Shell, Alberta) Canada · 2015–2020
- Global Witness (NGO) — here: Reported flaring and venting shares and projections; there: NGO that published the capture-versus-emissions comparison
- Rabobank co-financed a Brazilian eucalyptus carbon plantation contested by locals Brazil · 2003–2008
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Publishes the Global Gas Flaring Tracker; changed its method in June 2026; there: operator of the carbon fund
- Saweto killings Peru · 2014–2026
- Global Witness (NGO) — here: Reported flaring and venting shares and projections; there: Reported the 2026 arrests
- Sengwer evictions from Embobut forest and the EU Water Towers programme (Kenya) Kenya · 2014–2024
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Publishes the Global Gas Flaring Tracker; changed its method in June 2026; there: Funder of an earlier forest project (2007)
- Sri Lanka fertiliser ban Sri Lanka · 2021
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Publishes the Global Gas Flaring Tracker; changed its method in June 2026; there: Source of the paddy yield figure
- Tengizchevroil sulphur storage claims and emission fines (Kazakhstan) Kazakhstan · 2007–2026
- Chevron (Company) — here: Operator of four joint ventures under OFAC General License 41; there: 50% owner of TCO (2007/2025)
- Tree felling under the Tashkent moratorium: damage assessments, prosecutor cases and ministry counts Uzbekistan · 2020–2025
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Publishes the Global Gas Flaring Tracker; changed its method in June 2026; there: Tashkent air quality assessment (context)
- Ukraine's mine contamination, the farmland demining programme and mine-action money Ukraine · 2022–2026
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Publishes the Global Gas Flaring Tracker; changed its method in June 2026; there: RDNA damage and needs assessments
- Ulaanbaatar winter air pollution: stove programmes, the 2019 raw-coal ban and subsidised briquettes Mongolia · 2008–2024
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Publishes the Global Gas Flaring Tracker; changed its method in June 2026; there: Ulaanbaatar Clean Air Project
- US budget law cuts fossil fuel royalties and sets 4 million coal acres for leasing United States · 2025
- Chevron (Company) — here: Operator of four joint ventures under OFAC General License 41; there: Named inauguration-fund donor
- Uzbek cotton boycott ends forced labour Uzbekistan · 2017–2026
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Publishes the Global Gas Flaring Tracker; changed its method in June 2026; there: Lender (USD 800 million, October 2025)
- Venezuela coastal oil spills: Golfete de Coro (2020) and Lechería (2022) Venezuela · 2020–2022
- PDVSA (Company) — here: State oil company; operator of the flaring sites; there: State oil company; reported the Ulé–Amuay leak; did not reply on Lechería
- Venezuela tree cover loss, 2001–2024, and international forest finance Venezuela · 2001–2024
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Publishes the Global Gas Flaring Tracker; changed its method in June 2026; there: Agency for GEF project 2103
- World Bank $100m plastic waste bond tied to Verra credit sales Multiple countries · 2024
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Publishes the Global Gas Flaring Tracker; changed its method in June 2026; there: issuer of the bond
- World Bank $800m Uzbekistan operation; Tanzania project halted Uzbekistan · 2017–2025
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Publishes the Global Gas Flaring Tracker; changed its method in June 2026; there: lender; policy operation and REGROW financier
- World Bank and development bank accountability mechanisms: Embobut (Sengwer), Tata Mundra, Arun III, Jale, Cambodia Kenya · 2007–2024
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Publishes the Global Gas Flaring Tracker; changed its method in June 2026; there: Funder of the Kenya project; hosts the Inspection Panel
- World Bank inspection panel registers complaint over Rogun dam financing Tajikistan · 2024–2025
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Publishes the Global Gas Flaring Tracker; changed its method in June 2026; there: financier
- World Bank REGROW project, Ruaha National Park Tanzania · 2017–2025
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Publishes the Global Gas Flaring Tracker; changed its method in June 2026; there: Financier of the REGROW project
- World Bank US$600m farm loan coincided with a 90% fall in farm support Turkey · 2001–2003
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Publishes the Global Gas Flaring Tracker; changed its method in June 2026; there: Lender of the US$600m loan
- World Bank-backed Colombo flood work turned Beddagana wetland into a park Sri Lanka · 2010–2018
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Publishes the Global Gas Flaring Tracker; changed its method in June 2026; there: Funder whose support backed the programme