Cases / Insurance, liability and compensation funds · Global · 1991–2026
Global Environment Facility Trust Fund: replenishments and independent evaluation
Nature's voice · report
USDeq. 26.55 billion; of which USDeq. 25.87 billion (97.4%) received 26.55 billion US dollars were pledged in my name. The benefit that was measured: Completed projects with satisfactory outcomes, approximately 82 percent of 2,475.
Accounts of the harm differ
Project results compared with the state of the environment
- International bodies GEF Independent Evaluation Office (OPS8): Outcomes of approximately 82 percent of completed projects with terminal evaluations rated satisfactory, and "the overall trajectory of environmental degradation is worsening". GEF Independent Evaluation Office
- International bodies GEF Secretariat: Agrees with all OPS-8 recommendations, including embedding sustainability and financing arrangements at design. GEF Secretariat
The Global Environment Facility, financed by four-year replenishments (US$4.1 billion pledged for GEF-7 in 2018, an envelope of USDeq. 5.33 billion for GEF-8), reports more than US$27 billion in financing since its start. Its Independent Evaluation Office rated outcomes satisfactory for approximately 82 percent of 2,475 completed projects with terminal evaluations and wrote that the overall trajectory of environmental degradation is worsening.
approximately 82 percent of 2,475Completed GEF projects with outcomes rated in the satisfactory range (IEO, OPS8)
GEF Independent Evaluation Office, Eighth Comprehensive Evaluation. 42 percent of the ratings were validated by the IEO and 58 percent by Agency evaluation units; just under two-thirds of projects were rated in the likely range for sustainability. The IEO also states that the overall trajectory of environmental degradation is worsening.
GEF Independent Evaluation Office, Eighth Comprehensive Evaluation. 42 percent of the ratings were validated by the IEO and 58 percent by Agency evaluation units; just under two-thirds of projects were rated in the likely range for sustainability. The IEO also states that the overall trajectory of environmental degradation is worsening.
Status As of June 2026: GEF-8 (July 2022 to June 2026) is closing with USDeq. 4.11 billion paid of USDeq. 4.66 billion in confirmed pledges; GEF-9 has a programming level of $3.9 billion; the IEO's OPS8 rated about 82 percent of completed projects satisfactory for outcomes and found environmental degradation worsening overall.
What?
A fund replenished every four years by donor governments that finances environmental projects in recipient countries through 18 Agencies, with independent evaluation by the GEF Independent Evaluation Office. GEF Independent Evaluation Office
Where?
Projects in recipient countries worldwide, with regional shares reported by the IEO (in GEF-8: Africa 27 percent, Latin America and the Caribbean 26 percent, Asia 20 percent). GEF Independent Evaluation Office
When?
Pilot phase 1991 to 1994; GEF-7 pledged 25 April 2018; GEF-8 July 2022 to June 2026; GEF-9 July 2026 to June 2030. GEF Independent Evaluation Office
Who?
Gained
- Recipient countries and project partners — Funding for more than 6,000 projects across the family of funds as of June 2025, according to the IEO GEF Independent Evaluation Office
- GEF Agencies — Implement projects and receive fees; UNDP 36 percent, IBRD 25 percent and UNEP 14 percent of cumulative approvals in the Trustee's chart World Bank as Trustee, for the 8th GEF Assembly
Lost
- Donor governments — Pledged $4.1 billion for GEF-7 and USDeq. 4,639.90 million in new pledges for GEF-8; USDeq. 4.11 billion paid toward GEF-8 as of 30 April 2026 World Bank as Trustee, for the 8th GEF Assembly
Harmed
- Global environment — The IEO states that the overall trajectory of environmental degradation is worsening despite progress in biodiversity conservation, renewable energy and sustainable agriculture GEF Independent Evaluation Office
Why?
The GEF is the financial mechanism for six major multilateral environmental agreements (IEO). GEF Independent Evaluation Office
How?
Donors pledge to four-year replenishments managed by the World Bank as Trustee; the Council and CEO approve funding that 18 Agencies deliver; terminal evaluations are validated by the IEO or Agency evaluation units. World Bank as Trustee, for the 8th GEF Assembly
6 of 6 questions answered from the record
What happened
The record, in order.
The Global Environment Facility (GEF) is, in the words of its Independent Evaluation Office (IEO), the financial mechanism for six major multilateral environmental agreements; it works through 18 implementing Agencies and its resources are replenished every four years, with the World Bank as Trustee. The IEO lists the periods as a pilot phase in 1991 to 1994, then GEF-1 (1995 to 1998) through GEF-8 (2022 to 2026). The GEF's own page says it has "provided more than $27 billion in financing, primarily as grants" and "mobilized another $155 billion for country-driven priority projects" over three decades; the page has no as-of date.
Replenishment figures are given in several GEF documents. For GEF-7, "close to 30 countries jointly pledged $4.1 billion" on 25 April 2018. The Trustee's GEF-8 Funding Retrospective (21 May 2026) gives an agreed total envelope for 2022 to 2026 of SDR 3.77 billion (USDeq. 5.33 billion), made up of USDeq. 4,639.90 million in new donor pledges, USDeq. 466.02 million carried over from earlier replenishments, USD 196.83 million in projected investment income and USD 27.25 million in reflows. As of 30 April 2026 contributing participants had paid USDeq. 4.11 billion toward their GEF-8 contributions, and as of 4 May 2026 approximately 88.13% of authorised commitments had been paid in cash or promissory notes. The Trustee reports that USD 4.8 billion in funding requests were approved under GEF-8 between 1 July 2022 and 30 April 2026, and that the actual envelope exceeded the target by more than USD 733 million, "mainly" because of higher investment income. Across the GEF's life the Trustee reports total cumulative resources of USDeq. 26.55 billion, of which USDeq. 25.87 billion (97.4%) had been received, and funding approvals of USD 27,412.3 million, of which 88% was for project and project preparation activities, with cumulative cancellations of USD 2,288.35 million. For GEF-9 (July 2026 to June 2030) the GEF page says "Countries pledge $3.9 billion", a programming level of $3.9 billion.
What was funded is described in the IEO's Eighth Comprehensive Evaluation (OPS8), presented to the GEF Council in December 2025. As of June 2025 the GEF had provided $26.5 billion in funding for more than 6,000 projects across its family of funds; the Trust Fund accounted for $23.5 billion across 5,505 projects, and 3,904 projects had been completed. Biodiversity was the largest investment area, rising from 29 percent in GEF-5 to 37 percent in GEF-8. The Trustee's retrospective gives biodiversity 21% and climate change 22% of cumulative project funding (excluding fees), and multi-focal areas 34%.
On results, OPS8 found that outcomes of approximately 82 percent of 2,475 completed projects with terminal evaluations were rated in the satisfactory range, of which 42 percent (1,032 projects) were validated by the IEO and 58 percent (1,443) by Agency evaluation units. It reported that "just under two-thirds are in the likely range for sustainability" and that "more than a third of projects" were "rated as unlikely to sustain outcomes at completion". For biodiversity projects, outcome ratings were 83 percent satisfactory across all periods and 59 percent were rated likely to be sustainable. The evaluation wrote: "Despite important progress in biodiversity conservation, renewable energy, and sustainable agriculture, the overall trajectory of environmental degradation is worsening." It gave examples of project results, including restoration of more than 1,000 hectares of degraded land in an Azerbaijan project. The GEF Secretariat's response of 8 October 2025 said that OPS8 contained 9 recommendations and 15 conclusions and that the Secretariat "agrees with all OPS-8 recommendations"; the full management response was scheduled for the December 2025 Council.
- 1991GEF pilot phase begins (1991-94)
- 2018GEF-7: close to 30 countries pledge $4.1 billion (25 April)
- 2022GEF-8 envelope agreed at SDR 3.77 billion (USDeq. 5.33 billion); Council endorses package 23 June; World Bank Executive Directors adopt resolution 25 July
- 2025IEO Highlights of Evaluations Findings 2022-2025 (1 August); GEF Secretariat responds to OPS8 (8 October); OPS8 presented to Council meeting 70 (19 December)
- 2026Trustee GEF-8 Funding Retrospective (21 May); GEF-9 programming level of $3.9 billion for July 2026 to June 2030 announced (Council endorsement release 2 June)
What was said
Claims, in the words of those who made them.
“provided more than $27 billion in financing, primarily as grants”
“mobilized another $155 billion for country-driven priority projects”
“the overall trajectory of environmental degradation is worsening”
“The GEF Secretariat agrees with all OPS-8 recommendations”
Where accounts differ
Each party's account, side by side, with its source. The record does not settle these points; it shows them.
Cumulative GEF funding
International bodies
Global Environment Facility, "Who we are"
"more than $27 billion in financing, primarily as grants" and "another $155 billion" mobilised.
Global Environment FacilityInternational bodies
GEF Independent Evaluation Office (OPS8)
"$26.5 billion in funding for more than 6,000 projects across its family of funds" as of June 2025; the Trust Fund "$23.5 billion across 5,505 projects".
GEF Independent Evaluation OfficeInternational bodies
World Bank as Trustee (GEF/A.08/04)
Funding approvals of USD 27,412.3 million and total cumulative resources of USDeq. 26.55 billion, to 30 April 2026.
World Bank as Trustee, for the 8th GEF AssemblyProject results compared with the state of the environment
International bodies
GEF Independent Evaluation Office (OPS8)
Outcomes of approximately 82 percent of completed projects with terminal evaluations rated satisfactory, and "the overall trajectory of environmental degradation is worsening".
GEF Independent Evaluation OfficeInternational bodies
GEF Secretariat
Agrees with all OPS-8 recommendations, including embedding sustainability and financing arrangements at design.
GEF SecretariatHow it looked
What was shown, beside what was recorded.
Shown
- The GEF described as having "provided more than $27 billion in financing, primarily as grants" and having "mobilized another $155 billion for country-driven priority projects".Global Environment Facility · Global Environment Facility
- GEF project performance described as "strong overall", with approximately 82 percent of completed projects with terminal evaluations rated in the satisfactory range for outcomes.GEF Independent Evaluation Office (OPS8 executive summary) · GEF Independent Evaluation Office
Recorded
- GEF-8: new donor pledges USDeq. 4,639.90 million within an envelope of USDeq. 5.33 billion; USDeq. 4.11 billion paid as of 30 April 2026; about 88.13% of authorised commitments paid as of 4 May 2026.
- Cumulative resources of USDeq. 26.55 billion, of which USDeq. 25.87 billion received; funding approvals USD 27,412.3 million; cancellations USD 2,288.35 million (to 30 April 2026).
- IEO: outcomes of approximately 82 percent of 2,475 completed projects rated in the satisfactory range; just under two-thirds likely to be sustained; more than a third rated as unlikely to sustain outcomes at completion.
- IEO: the overall trajectory of environmental degradation is worsening.
- No source reviewed measures the state of nature attributable to the GEF portfolio as a whole.
In nature's name
What was promised in nature's name, the money that moved, and what was measured.
Promised
- “provided more than $27 billion in financing, primarily as grants” — Global Environment Facility (undated page, read 21 October 2026) Global Environment Facility
- “mobilized another $155 billion for country-driven priority projects” — Global Environment Facility (undated page, read 21 October 2026) Global Environment Facility
Money moved in nature's name
| What | Kind | Amount | Period |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total cumulative resources of the GEF Trust Fund Contributing participants (Trustee report) World Bank as Trustee, for the 8th GEF Assembly | Pledged | $26.6bn | inception–30 April 2026 |
| GEF-7 replenishment pledged Donor governments Global Environment Facility | Pledged | $4.1bn | 2018 (four-year cycle) |
| GEF-8 agreed total envelope Contributing participants World Bank as Trustee, for the 8th GEF Assembly | Budget | $5.3bn | July 2022–June 2026 |
| GEF-8 new donor pledges Contributing participants World Bank as Trustee, for the 8th GEF Assembly | Pledged | $4.6bn | July 2022–June 2026 |
| Paid toward GEF-8 contributions Contributing participants World Bank as Trustee, for the 8th GEF Assembly | Raised | $4.1bn | July 2022–30 April 2026 |
| Funding requests approved under GEF-8 GEF Council and CEO World Bank as Trustee, for the 8th GEF Assembly | Budget | $4.8bn | 1 July 2022–30 April 2026 |
| Cumulative funding approvals since inception GEF Council and CEO World Bank as Trustee, for the 8th GEF Assembly | Budget | $27.4bn | inception–30 April 2026 |
| GEF-9 programming level Donor governments Global Environment Facility | Pledged | $3.9bn | July 2026–June 2030 |
| Co-financing the GEF says it mobilised Co-financiers of GEF projects Global Environment Facility | Raised | $155bn | three decades |
What was measured
Benefit measured
The GEF Independent Evaluation Office, which reports to the GEF Council and is separate from GEF management, rated outcomes in the satisfactory range for approximately 82 percent of 2,475 completed projects; 42 percent of those ratings were validated by the IEO and 58 percent by Agency evaluation units. The ratings assess project outcomes from terminal evaluations, not the state of nature. The same report states that the overall trajectory of environmental degradation is worsening, and that more than a third of projects were rated as unlikely to sustain outcomes at completion.
Completed projects with satisfactory outcomes
approximately 82 percent of 2,475
IEO OPS8 GEF Independent Evaluation Office
Projects rated likely to be sustained
just under two-thirds
More than a third rated unlikely to sustain outcomes at completion GEF Independent Evaluation Office
Biodiversity projects, outcomes / sustainability
83 percent / 59 percent
All periods GEF Independent Evaluation Office
Operation Ongoing · GEF-8 covers July 2022 to June 2026; GEF-9 has a programming level of $3.9 billion for July 2026 to June 2030. Global Environment Facility
Findings on record
- Official audit GEF Independent Evaluation Office (2025-12-19) · Integration for Greater Impact: Eighth Comprehensive Evaluation of the GEF (OPS8), executive summary: “the overall trajectory of environmental degradation is worsening” GEF Independent Evaluation Office
- Official audit GEF Independent Evaluation Office (2025-12-19) · OPS8, executive summary, sustainability: “more than a third of projects rated as unlikely to sustain outcomes at completion” GEF Independent Evaluation Office
- Official audit GEF Independent Evaluation Office (2025-08-01) · Highlights of Evaluations Findings 2022-2025: “Sustainability of outcomes remains uneven” GEF Independent Evaluation Office
Who gained
Money that reached nature, beside money that stayed elsewhere.
Reached nature or the ground
Not published
No figure published.
Gained elsewhere
Not totalled
Currency: USD · Window: 1991–2026. All figures cover the same period. * Estimate built from cited figures.
Responses on record
- GEF Secretariat (8 October 2025): Said OPS8 contains 9 recommendations and 15 conclusions based on 34 evaluations, that the Secretariat "agrees with all OPS-8 recommendations", and that the full management response would go to the December 2025 Council. · GEF Secretariat
- Global Environment Facility (undated page, read 21 October 2026): States on its own page that it has "provided more than $27 billion in financing, primarily as grants". · Global Environment Facility
In court and with insurers
Every proceeding and every insurer decision on record.
Lawsuits and rulings
No court case on record. No court has ruled on this case.
Insurers
No insurer decision on record.
What nature saw
Outcomes measured on the ground, and nature's note.
Nature's report opens this page. Below: further outcomes measured on the ground.
Completed projects with outcomes rated satisfactory
approximately 82 percent of 2,475
IEO OPS8; 42 percent validated by the IEO, 58 percent by Agency evaluation units
Completed projects rated likely to be sustained
just under two-thirds
IEO OPS8; more than a third rated unlikely to sustain outcomes at completion
Biodiversity projects, outcomes satisfactory / sustainability likely
83 percent / 59 percent
IEO OPS8, all periods (822 and 773 projects)
Overall environmental trajectory
degradation worsening
IEO OPS8 executive summary
What we don't know
Undisclosed, unproven, untried: recorded as data.
Nature
- Not measured Harm to nature: The record holds no measurement of harm to nature.
- Disputed Project results compared with the state of the environment
Accounts
- Disputed Cumulative GEF funding
Record
- Not measured Not measured: the state of nature attributable to the GEF portfolio as a whole. OPS8 reports project ratings and examples, and states that the overall trajectory of environmental degradation is worsening.
- Disputed Disputed: the cumulative funding figure is stated on different bases. The GEF page gives "more than $27 billion" (undated), OPS8 gives $26.5 billion for more than 6,000 projects across the family of funds (June 2025), and the Trustee gives USD 27,412.3 million in approvals and USDeq. 26.55 billion in resources (30 April 2026).
- None on record None on record: a donor-by-donor table for GEF-8 in the sources reviewed.
- Unclear Unclear: how the Agency evaluation units validated the 58 percent of terminal-evaluation ratings that the IEO did not validate itself; the OPS8 pages reviewed state the split but not the method.
Did the harm stop?
The IEO states that the overall trajectory of environmental degradation is worsening; the sources reviewed do not report that the harms the GEF addresses have stopped.
Who paid?
Donor governments pledge to four-year replenishments: close to 30 countries pledged $4.1 billion for GEF-7, and 29 contributing participants had authorised commitments to GEF-8 by May 2026, of which USDeq. 4.11 billion had been paid by 30 April 2026. Recipient projects also draw co-financing, which the GEF page states as "$155 billion".
Sources
Voices on record: — Company or project— Government and regulators— Courts— Press and investigations— Communities and civil society— Researchers✓ International bodies
International bodies
- Who we areGlobal Environment Facility · n.d. (read 2026-10-21)
- FundingGlobal Environment Facility · n.d. (read 2026-10-21)
- GEF-7 ReplenishmentGlobal Environment Facility · 2018-04-25
- GEF-8 Funding Retrospective (prepared by the Trustee), GEF/A.08/04World Bank as Trustee, for the 8th GEF Assembly · 2026-05-21
- Integration for Greater Impact: Eighth Comprehensive Evaluation of the GEF (OPS8)GEF Independent Evaluation Office · 2025-12-19
- Highlights of Evaluations Findings 2022-2025GEF Independent Evaluation Office · 2025-08-01
- GEF-9 and IEO OPS-8: GEF Secretariat Response to IEO OPS-8GEF Secretariat · 2025-10-08
- GEF-9 ReplenishmentGlobal Environment Facility · 2026-06-02
Connected cases
Related matters, and cases linked to this one through the same organisations, with the role each played in both.
- Global Biodiversity Framework Fund (GBFF), hosted by the GEF Global · 2023–2026 Related matter
- Global Environment Facility (International organisation) — here: The Facility; financial mechanism for six environmental conventions; replenished every four years; there: Operates the GBFF
- GEF Independent Evaluation Office (International organisation) — here: Authored OPS8 and the Highlights of Evaluations Findings; there: Authored the 2026 formative evaluation
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: Trustee
- Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol Global · 1991–2026
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: Implementing agency named in the 2004 evaluation
- UN Development Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency with the largest share of cumulative approvals (36 percent in the Trustee's chart); there: Implementing agency named in the 2004 evaluation
- UN Environment Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency (14 percent of cumulative approvals in the Trustee's chart); there: Co-publisher of the 2022 assessment; named as Treasurer in the 2004 evaluation
- Venezuela tree cover loss, 2001–2024, and international forest finance Venezuela · 2001–2024
- Global Environment Facility (International organisation) — here: The Facility; financial mechanism for six environmental conventions; replenished every four years; there: Funder of six Venezuelan projects
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: Agency for GEF project 2103
- UN Development Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency with the largest share of cumulative approvals (36 percent in the Trustee's chart); there: Agency for GEF projects 3609 and 3865 and GCF readiness
- Afforestation of the dried Aral Sea bed in Uzbekistan Uzbekistan · 2018–2026
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: Donor of the restoration-value study
- UN Development Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency with the largest share of cumulative approvals (36 percent in the Trustee's chart); there: Publisher of the trust fund's financial report (UNDP MPTF Office)
- Amazon Region Protected Areas programme (ARPA) and the ARPA for Life Transition Fund, Brazil Brazil · 2002–2026
- Global Environment Facility (International organisation) — here: The Facility; financial mechanism for six environmental conventions; replenished every four years; there: Donor to ARPA through the World Bank
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: Channel for GEF funding to ARPA
- Artisanal gold in Mali: mercury use and its money (Minamata National Action Plan) Mali · 2018–2020
- Global Environment Facility (International organisation) — here: The Facility; financial mechanism for six environmental conventions; replenished every four years; there: Funded the plan
- UN Environment Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency (14 percent of cumulative approvals in the Trustee's chart); there: Executing agency (UN Environment)
- Asiatic cheetah conservation project in Iran: 25 years of funding and a count of 26 animals Iran · 2000–2026
- Global Environment Facility (International organisation) — here: The Facility; financial mechanism for six environmental conventions; replenished every four years; there: Approved the US$725,000 Phase I grant
- UN Development Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency with the largest share of cumulative approvals (36 percent in the Trustee's chart); there: GEF agency for Phase I; led Phase II; support ended December 2017
- Canaima National Park: fire suppression for the Guri catchment, mining pressure and the UNESCO decisions Venezuela · 1981–2026
- Global Environment Facility (International organisation) — here: The Facility; financial mechanism for six environmental conventions; replenished every four years; there: Funder of cancelled project 2103
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: Implementing agency of GEF project 2103
- Destruction of the Kakhovka dam and drainage of the Kakhovka reservoir (June 2023) Ukraine · 2023–2026
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: Co-author of RDNA3 and RDNA4
- UN Environment Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency (14 percent of cumulative approvals in the Trustee's chart); there: Rapid Environmental Assessment and sediment assessment
- Global Fund for Coral Reefs (GFCR) Global · 2020–2026
- UN Development Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency with the largest share of cumulative approvals (36 percent in the Trustee's chart); there: Named in the Fund's reporting
- UN Environment Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency (14 percent of cumulative approvals in the Trustee's chart); there: Named in the Fund's reporting
- Great Green Wall: USD 19bn tracked, USD 2.5bn disbursed by March 2023, and a restored area reported at between 1.66 and almost 18 million hectares Sahel (11 countries) · 2007–2026
- Global Environment Facility (International organisation) — here: The Facility; financial mechanism for six environmental conventions; replenished every four years; there: Donor; land restoration pillar USD 236 million
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: Committed USD 5.6bn in the 11 countries
- Kunming Biodiversity Fund (China and UNEP) China · 2021–2026
- UN Development Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency with the largest share of cumulative approvals (36 percent in the Trustee's chart); there: Named partner and recipient of project funds
- UN Environment Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency (14 percent of cumulative approvals in the Trustee's chart); there: Co-established the fund; interim secretariat housed at UNEP
- Messok Dja ecoguard abuses (Republic of Congo) Republic of Congo · 2008–2020
- Global Environment Facility (International organisation) — here: The Facility; financial mechanism for six environmental conventions; replenished every four years; there: Funder (project 9159)
- UN Development Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency with the largest share of cumulative approvals (36 percent in the Trustee's chart); there: Implementing agency of GEF project 9159; investigator (SECU0009)
- Mongolia's 2009 ban on mining at river headwaters and in forests: licence cancellations, compensation duty, 2015 amendment and artisanal gold-mining programmes Mongolia · 2009–2025
- Global Environment Facility (International organisation) — here: The Facility; financial mechanism for six environmental conventions; replenished every four years; there: planetGOLD Mongolia
- UN Environment Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency (14 percent of cumulative approvals in the Trustee's chart); there: planetGOLD Mongolia
- Zagros oak forests: the UNDP/GEF Central Zagros project, its evaluation and the fires of 2024–2026 Iran · 2005–2026
- Global Environment Facility (International organisation) — here: The Facility; financial mechanism for six environmental conventions; replenished every four years; there: Funded the project with US$3,687,803
- UN Development Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency with the largest share of cumulative approvals (36 percent in the Trustee's chart); there: Implementing agency of the Central Zagros project
- 1991 World Bank memo signed by Lawrence Summers on pollution in Africa Africa (regional) · 1991–1993
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: Institution that issued the internal memo
- Bloomberg, Steyer and Bezos money shapes coal and nature campaigns United States · 2008–2026
- Global Environment Facility (International organisation) — here: The Facility; financial mechanism for six environmental conventions; replenished every four years; there: Intergovernmental environment fund; CI and WWF-US are its implementing agencies
- Burkina Faso Forest Investment Program project: 3.78 million tCO2eq in emission reductions estimated with an ex-ante tool Burkina Faso · 2014–2021
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: Administered the grants; completion report and rating
- Cambodia fills Phnom Penh's Boeung Kak lake with sand under 99-year lease Cambodia · 2007–2011
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: lender whose land-titling programme was reviewed
- Caspian sturgeon and caviar: trade suspensions, fishing bans and the move to farmed caviar Caspian Sea (Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Iran) · 1998–2026
- UN Environment Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency (14 percent of cumulative approvals in the Trustee's chart); there: Took part in the 2001 Geneva meeting; spokesman quoted
- Chad–Cameroon pipeline and Doba oil fields: World Bank conditions, revenue law, Inspection Panel and 2023 nationalisation Chad · 1999–2026
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: Lender; set the revenue-law and safeguard conditions; withdrew in 2008
- Costa Rica payments for ecosystem services and forest recovery Costa Rica · 1997
- UN Development Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency with the largest share of cumulative approvals (36 percent in the Trustee's chart); there: Nominated the programme for the Earthshot Prize
- Darvaza gas crater: orders to extinguish the fire, wells drilled, methane measured Turkmenistan · 1971–2026
- UN Environment Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency (14 percent of cumulative approvals in the Trustee's chart); there: International Methane Emissions Observatory, co-affiliation of the preprint authors
- DuPont CFC phase-out and the ozone treaty United States · 1974–2019
- UN Environment Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency (14 percent of cumulative approvals in the Trustee's chart); there: Hosts the Montreal Protocol ozone secretariat
- Electricity and diesel for groundwater pumping in Iran: subsidies and payments Iran · 2014–2024
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: Published the 2023 diagnostic citing the IMF subsidy estimate
- Gaza reconstruction and the Board of Peace's first contract Palestine (Gaza Strip) · 2024–2026
- UN Environment Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency (14 percent of cumulative approvals in the Trustee's chart); there: Estimated rubble clearance time and cost
- Green Belt Movement and Karura Forest, Kenya Kenya · 1977–2023
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: Signed a carbon-credit agreement with the Green Belt Movement
- Half-Earth and 30x30 advocacy funding (Wyss Campaign for Nature) Global · 2016–2026
- UN Environment Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency (14 percent of cumulative approvals in the Trustee's chart); there: Co-author of the Protected Planet Report 2024
- Hamoun wetlands, Helmand water and the EU/UNDP restoration project Iran · 1973–2025
- UN Development Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency with the largest share of cumulative approvals (36 percent in the Trustee's chart); there: Implementer of the EU-funded project
- Herencia Colombia (Heritage Colombia): Project Finance for Permanence for protected areas, 2022 Colombia · 2022–2026
- Global Environment Facility (International organisation) — here: The Facility; financial mechanism for six environmental conventions; replenished every four years; there: Donor named by the Ministry, through the World Bank
- Ho Chi Minh City canal restoration demolished about 7,000 households Vietnam · 1993–2012
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: lender of the first-phase loan
- India's 1975–77 Emergency sterilisation drive drew a $66 million World Bank loan India · 1975–1977
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: Lender
- Iran associated-gas flaring and flare-gas recovery contracts Iran · 2012–2026
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: Publishes the satellite-based flare estimates and tracker report
- Iran's 2026 war-damage estimate of about USD 270bn and its calls for compensation and environmental accountability Iran · 2026
- UN Environment Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency (14 percent of cumulative approvals in the Trustee's chart); there: Statement of 13 March 2026 on smoke from burning oil
- Jamaica catastrophe bonds and the Hurricane Melissa payout Jamaica · 2021–2025
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: Issuer and arranger of the catastrophe bonds
- Jamaica's World Bank catastrophe bond did not pay after Hurricane Beryl Jamaica · 2024
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: Brokered the bond
- Ken Saro-Wiwa and the Ogoni Nine; Wiwa v Shell Nigeria · 1958–2026
- UN Environment Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency (14 percent of cumulative approvals in the Trustee's chart); there: Author of the 2011 Ogoniland assessment
- Kerch Strait storm, November 2007: Volgoneft 139 fuel-oil spill and sulphur-ship sinkings Russia · 2007–2018
- UN Environment Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency (14 percent of cumulative approvals in the Trustee's chart); there: Post-disaster needs assessment with the European Commission
- Lagos waterfront evictions (Otodo-Gbame, Badia East) and Eko Atlantic Nigeria · 2014–2026
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: Funder of a project in the Badia East area
- Lake Urmia decline and the Urmia Lake Restoration Program Iran · 1995–2026
- UN Development Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency with the largest share of cumulative approvals (36 percent in the Trustee's chart); there: Implemented the Japanese-funded phases
- Loess Plateau Watershed Rehabilitation Project (World Bank, China), 1994 to 2005 China · 1994–2005
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: Financed the project through an IDA credit and IBRD funding and published the case study and summary note
- Mbeubeuss landfill plan to hire 500 of more than 3,000 waste pickers Senegal · 2025
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: finances the Mbeubeuss rehabilitation, as reported
- Mekong sand mining (Cambodia, Vietnam) Cambodia and Vietnam · 2007–2026
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: Inspection Panel finding on Boeung Kak land titling; lending freeze 2011
- Methane super-emitters in Turkmenistan's oil and gas fields Turkmenistan · 2017–2026
- UN Environment Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency (14 percent of cumulative approvals in the Trustee's chart); there: MARS alerts; confirmed 8 stopped leaks
- Mongolia index livestock insurance Mongolia · 2024
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: Author of the presentation describing the programme
- Mongolia's dzud winters and degraded pasture: emergency funding for herders Mongolia · 2010–2024
- UN Development Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency with the largest share of cumulative approvals (36 percent in the Trustee's chart); there: Carcass removal and income generation, 2010
- Nepal community forestry Nepal · 2000–2026
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: Funder of carbon payments (Forest Carbon Partnership Facility)
- Net Zero Banking Alliance exits and closure International · 2023–2026
- UN Environment Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency (14 percent of cumulative approvals in the Trustee's chart); there: UN body whose statement on the 2023 insurer exits was reported
- Net-Zero Insurance Alliance collapse and insurers’ fossil underwriting Global · 2021–2025
- UN Environment Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency (14 percent of cumulative approvals in the Trustee's chart); there: Convener of NZIA
- Ogoniland and Bodo spills clean-up (SPDC, HYPREP) Nigeria · 1958–2026
- UN Environment Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency (14 percent of cumulative approvals in the Trustee's chart); there: Author of the 2011 assessment and fund proposal
- Olkaria geothermal projects (Kenya) Kenya · 2013–2017
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: Financier; its Inspection Panel reviewed the resettlement
- Persian Wildlife Heritage Foundation conservationists: arrests, a death in custody and prison sentences, 2018–2024 Iran · 2018–2024
- UN Environment Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency (14 percent of cumulative approvals in the Trustee's chart); there: Employer of Niloufar Bayani as a consultant; called for clemency
- Peru's Natural Legacy (Patrimonio Natural del Perú): Project Finance for Permanence for Amazon protected areas, 2019 Peru · 2019–2026
- Global Environment Facility (International organisation) — here: The Facility; financial mechanism for six environmental conventions; replenished every four years; there: Funder of the linked GEF project and a donor to the initiative
- Pillay panel finds no proof WWF directed ranger abuses it supported Democratic Republic of the Congo · 2006–2020
- UN Development Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency with the largest share of cumulative approvals (36 percent in the Trustee's chart); there: UN agency; draft investigation of Messok Dja
- Plant-for-the-Planet: 13.6 billion trees Germany / Global · 2011–2024
- UN Environment Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency (14 percent of cumulative approvals in the Trustee's chart); there: Original owner of the tree campaign
- Rabobank co-financed a Brazilian eucalyptus carbon plantation contested by locals Brazil · 2003–2008
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: operator of the carbon fund
- Sengwer evictions from Embobut forest and the EU Water Towers programme (Kenya) Kenya · 2014–2024
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: Funder of an earlier forest project (2007)
- Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics: environmental pledges and the Mzymta valley Russia · 2007–2018
- UN Environment Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency (14 percent of cumulative approvals in the Trustee's chart); there: Expert missions, declaration of commitments, advisory role
- Socio Bosque programme, Ecuador: payments for forest conservation since 2008 Ecuador · 2008–2026
- UN Development Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency with the largest share of cumulative approvals (36 percent in the Trustee's chart); there: Prepared the 2018 Environmental and Social Assessment for the Green Climate Fund proposal
- Sri Lanka fertiliser ban Sri Lanka · 2021
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: Source of the paddy yield figure
- Strikes on Tehran fuel depots, March 2026: smoke, black rain and Iran's "ecocide" claim Iran · 2025–2026
- UN Environment Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency (14 percent of cumulative approvals in the Trustee's chart); there: Statement of 13 March 2026 on inhaled smoke
- Tree felling under the Tashkent moratorium: damage assessments, prosecutor cases and ministry counts Uzbekistan · 2020–2025
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: Tashkent air quality assessment (context)
- Ukraine's mine contamination, the farmland demining programme and mine-action money Ukraine · 2022–2026
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: RDNA damage and needs assessments
- Ulaanbaatar winter air pollution: stove programmes, the 2019 raw-coal ban and subsidised briquettes Mongolia · 2008–2024
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: Ulaanbaatar Clean Air Project
- UN plastics treaty negotiations (INC-5, Geneva, Nairobi, Bangkok) Switzerland · 2024–2026
- UN Environment Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency (14 percent of cumulative approvals in the Trustee's chart); there: Convenes the negotiations; issued the announcement of the new chair
- UNEP estimate: about 2,000 tons of depleted uranium used in Iraq Iraq · date not stated
- UN Environment Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency (14 percent of cumulative approvals in the Trustee's chart); there: Estimated the quantity of uranium used (about 2,000 tons)
- Uzbek cotton boycott ends forced labour Uzbekistan · 2017–2026
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: Lender (USD 800 million, October 2025)
- Venezuela 2026 twin earthquakes insurance gap Venezuela · 2026
- UN Development Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency with the largest share of cumulative approvals (36 percent in the Trustee's chart); there: Source of the $6.7 billion damage estimate
- Venezuela gas flaring and methane from oil and gas Venezuela · 2012–2026
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: Publishes the Global Gas Flaring Tracker; changed its method in June 2026
- Wadi El Ku catchment project, North Darfur Sudan · 2013–2026
- UN Environment Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency (14 percent of cumulative approvals in the Trustee's chart); there: Implementer
- World Bank $100m plastic waste bond tied to Verra credit sales Multiple countries · 2024
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: issuer of the bond
- World Bank $800m Uzbekistan operation; Tanzania project halted Uzbekistan · 2017–2025
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: lender; policy operation and REGROW financier
- World Bank and development bank accountability mechanisms: Embobut (Sengwer), Tata Mundra, Arun III, Jale, Cambodia Kenya · 2007–2024
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: Funder of the Kenya project; hosts the Inspection Panel
- World Bank inspection panel registers complaint over Rogun dam financing Tajikistan · 2024–2025
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: financier
- World Bank REGROW project, Ruaha National Park Tanzania · 2017–2025
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: Financier of the REGROW project
- World Bank US$600m farm loan coincided with a 90% fall in farm support Turkey · 2001–2003
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: Lender of the US$600m loan
- World Bank-backed Colombo flood work turned Beddagana wetland into a park Sri Lanka · 2010–2018
- World Bank (International organisation) — here: Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund; Agency; there: Funder whose support backed the programme
- WWF-funded ranger units accused of torture and killings in Asia and Africa Multiple countries · 2006–2023
- UN Development Programme (International organisation) — here: Agency with the largest share of cumulative approvals (36 percent in the Trustee's chart); there: Investigation into the Messok Dja park programme (leaked draft)