Cases / Law, regulation and treaties · Ukraine · 2015–2026
Ukraine's ban on raw-log exports and the EU–Ukraine Association Agreement arbitration, 2015–2026
Nature's voice · report
No measurement of the harm done to me here is on record.
Did nature suffer? Not measured. Disputed
Not on record
- The record does not name which of my species, waters, soils or forests were harmed.
Accounts of the harm differ
Purpose of the 2015 ban on unprocessed timber exports
- International bodies European Union: The measure supports domestic wood processing rather than protecting forests; sawn wood exports rose in parallel with the ban. EU–Ukraine Association Agreement Arbitration Panel
- Government and regulators Ukraine: The measures exercise its right to regulate its own level of environmental protection and combat illegal export. EU–Ukraine Association Agreement Arbitration Panel
- Courts Arbitration panel: The 2015 ban was not justified under GATT Article XX(g) because it was not made effective in conjunction with restrictions on domestic production or consumption. EU–Ukraine Association Agreement Arbitration Panel
In 2015 Ukraine banned exports of unprocessed timber for ten years. An arbitration panel under the EU–Ukraine Association Agreement ruled on 11 December 2020 that the 2015 ban breached Article 35 of the Agreement; in 2025–2026 the Cabinet replaced the expiring ban with zero export quotas.
Ruled in breach of Art. 35 AA2015 ban on unprocessed timber exports
EU–Ukraine Association Agreement arbitration panel, final report of 11 December 2020; the 2005 ban on ten species was found justified. Ukraine's Cabinet set zero export quotas for 2025 and 2026.
EU–Ukraine Association Agreement arbitration panel, final report of 11 December 2020; the 2005 ban on ten species was found justified. Ukraine's Cabinet set zero export quotas for 2025 and 2026.
Status As of December 2025: Cabinet zero export quotas for unprocessed and fuel wood run to the end of 2026; no repeal of the 2015 ban by the Rada is on record and the EU response is not on record.
What?
Ukraine's ten-year ban on exports of unprocessed timber, adopted in 2015, was found by an EU–Ukraine Association Agreement arbitration panel on 11 December 2020 to breach Article 35 of the Agreement, while the 2005 ban on ten species was found justified. In 2025–2026 the Cabinet replaced the expiring ban with zero export quotas. EU–Ukraine Association Agreement Arbitration Panel
Where?
Ukraine-wide; the arbitration was held in Lugano, Switzerland, between the European Union and Ukraine. EU–Ukraine Association Agreement Arbitration Panel
When?
Laws of 8 September 2005 and 9 April 2015; consultations 7 February 2019; panel request 20 June 2019; final report 11 December 2020; zero quotas from 31 October 2025, extended on 31 December 2025 to the end of 2026. EU–Ukraine Association Agreement Arbitration Panel
Who?
Gained
- Ukrainian wood processors and furniture exporters — Keep raw timber in the country; ADPU argued that resuming log exports would raise domestic prices and cause shutdowns and job losses Interfax-Ukraine (press release, Association of Woodworking Enterprises of Ukraine)
Lost
- EU importers of logs — Barred from importing Ukrainian unprocessed timber; trade value not stated EU–Ukraine Association Agreement Arbitration Panel
Harmed
None on recordWhy?
Ukraine presented the ban as forest protection and a measure against illegal export; the EU argued it supported domestic processors and the panel found it not justified under GATT Article XX(g). EU–Ukraine Association Agreement Arbitration Panel
How?
The EU requested consultations on 15 January 2019 and a panel on 20 June 2019 under Article 307 AA; the panel delivered its final report on 11 December 2020 and, after the statutory moratorium for non-pine species expired on 1 November 2025, the Cabinet set zero export quotas through licensing. Interfax-Ukraine
6 of 6 questions answered from the record
What happened
The record, in order.
Ukraine banned exports of ten rare and valuable tree species in 2005 (Law No. 2860-IV) and, on 9 April 2015, adopted Law No. 325-VIII, a ten-year ban on exports of unprocessed timber (HS 4403): from 1 November 2015 for species other than pine and from 1 January 2017 for pine. Law No. 2531-VIII of 6 September 2018 concerned preventing illegal export of unprocessed timber. The ban was presented as forest protection and a measure against illegal export.
The European Union requested consultations on 15 January 2019; they were held on 7 February 2019 without resolving the matter, and the EU requested a panel on 20 June 2019. The arbitration was held under Article 307 of the EU–Ukraine Association Agreement (AA), in Lugano; it was the first EU trade dispute under a bilateral agreement. The panel was Christian Häberli (chair), Viktor Muraviov and Giorgio Sacerdoti. The EU said the case was not about whether Ukraine could adopt measures protecting its forests and argued that sawn wood exports rose in parallel with the 2015 ban, so the measure concerned supporting domestic wood processing. Ukraine said the measures were an exercise of its right to regulate its own level of environmental protection, that the panel lacked jurisdiction because this was a Chapter 13 case, and that Article 35 did not apply until the end of the ten-year transition at the end of 2025.
In its final report of 11 December 2020 the panel found that the 2005 ban was incompatible with Article 35 AA but justified under Article XX(b) of the GATT 1994 as necessary to protect plant life, and that the 2015 ban was incompatible with Article 35 and not justified under Article XX(g) of the GATT 1994. It recommended that Ukraine comply in good faith, taking into account AA Article 293 on forest law enforcement and governance and trade in legal and sustainable forest products. The EU Delegation said Ukraine was expected to terminate the export ban as soon as possible; Deputy Minister Taras Kachka said the panel recognised Ukraine's right to restrict wood exports under certain circumstances.
On 31 October 2025, as the statutory moratorium for non-pine species ended on 1 November 2025, the Cabinet set a zero export quota (licensing) for unprocessed timber until the end of 2025; on 31 December 2025 it extended zero quotas for unprocessed and fuel wood to the end of 2026. The Association of Woodworking Enterprises of Ukraine (ADPU) argued that resuming log exports could cause a mass outflow of raw material, sharp domestic price rises, plant shutdowns and job losses. Prime Minister Yuliia Svyrydenko said the ban was a necessary step to protect people in winter, preserve enterprises and reduce the burden on the environment, and that harvesting had fallen during the full-scale invasion.
- 2005Law No. 2860-IV bans exports of ten rare and valuable species (8 September)
- 2015Law No. 325-VIII bans exports of unprocessed timber for ten years (9 April); in force from 1 November 2015 for species other than pine
- 2017Ban applies to pine from 1 January
- 2018Law No. 2531-VIII on preventing illegal export of unprocessed timber (6 September)
- 2019EU requests consultations (15 January); consultations held (7 February); EU requests a panel (20 June)
- 2020Panel notes exchanged (28 January) and organisational meeting (29 January); final report (11 December); EU Delegation statement (14 December)
- 2025Cabinet sets zero export quota to the end of 2025 as the moratorium for non-pine species ends (31 October); extends zero quotas to the end of 2026 (31 December)
What was said
Claims, in the words of those who made them.
“not about whether Ukraine is entitled to adopt measures for protecting its forests”
“confirming that the measure is essentially concerned with supporting Ukraine's domestic wood processing industry, rather than protecting Ukrainian forests”
“a mere exercise of [Ukraine's] right to regulate its own level of environmental protection”
“not justified under Article XX(g) of the GATT 1994. because that export ban is not 'relating to the conservation of exhaustible resources.made effective in conjunction with restrictions on domestic production or consumption.'”
“Ukraine is expected to terminate the export ban as soon as possible”
“a necessary step to take care of people in winter, preserve the work of our enterprises and reduce the burden on the environment”
“The army needs wood for its needs”
Where accounts differ
Each party's account, side by side, with its source. The record does not settle these points; it shows them.
Purpose of the 2015 ban on unprocessed timber exports
International bodies
European Union
The measure supports domestic wood processing rather than protecting forests; sawn wood exports rose in parallel with the ban.
EU–Ukraine Association Agreement Arbitration PanelGovernment and regulators
Ukraine
The measures exercise its right to regulate its own level of environmental protection and combat illegal export.
EU–Ukraine Association Agreement Arbitration PanelCourts
Arbitration panel
The 2015 ban was not justified under GATT Article XX(g) because it was not made effective in conjunction with restrictions on domestic production or consumption.
EU–Ukraine Association Agreement Arbitration PanelWhether the panel had jurisdiction and Article 35 applied
Government and regulators
Ukraine
The case is plainly a Chapter 13 case, and Article 35 does not apply until the end of the ten-year transition, at the end of 2025.
EU–Ukraine Association Agreement Arbitration PanelCourts
Arbitration panel
Found the 2015 ban incompatible with Article 35 AA.
EU–Ukraine Association Agreement Arbitration PanelHow it looked
What was shown, beside what was recorded.
Shown
- The ban is a measure of forest protection and against illegal export; Ukraine's forests cover 10.4 million ha, 15.9% of the territory with 9.4 million ha stocked, against an optimal cover stated as 20%, and standing stock rises by an average of 35 million m3 a year.Ukraine, as recorded in the panel report · EU–Ukraine Association Agreement Arbitration Panel
- Zero quotas let strategic raw materials stay in Ukraine for domestic processing.Prime Minister Yuliia Svyrydenko, 31 December 2025 · Interfax-Ukraine
Recorded
- The panel found the 2005 ban on ten species incompatible with Article 35 AA but justified under GATT Article XX(b) as necessary to protect plant life, so not in breach of Article 35.
- The panel found the 2015 temporary export ban incompatible with Article 35 AA and not justified under GATT Article XX(g).
- The panel recommended that Ukraine comply in good faith, taking into account AA Article 293.
- Forest figures recorded in the arbitration panel's final report: 10.4 million ha of forests, of which 9.4 million ha stocked (15.9% of territory); more than 44% of forested area certified.
- The statutory moratorium for non-pine species ended on 1 November 2025 and was replaced by Cabinet zero quotas to the end of 2026.
- ADPU argued that resuming log exports could cause a mass outflow of raw material, sharp domestic price rises, shortages for processors, plant shutdowns, job losses and lower export earnings from finished products and furniture.
Who gained
Money that reached nature, beside money that stayed elsewhere.
Reached nature or the ground
Not published
No figure published.
Gained elsewhere
Not totalled
Currency: · Window: . All figures cover the same period. * Estimate built from cited figures.
Responses on record
- European Commission (DG Trade) (12 December 2020): The ruling means Ukraine must end the export ban as soon as possible. · European Commission, DG Trade
- EU Delegation to Ukraine (14 December 2020): Ukraine is expected to terminate the export ban as soon as possible; first EU trade dispute under a bilateral agreement. · Interfax-Ukraine
- Ministry of Economy of Ukraine (Deputy Minister Taras Kachka) (December 2020): The panel recognised Ukraine's right to restrict wood exports under certain circumstances. · Interfax-Ukraine
- Prime Minister of Ukraine (Yuliia Svyrydenko) (31 October and 31 December 2025): The ban is a necessary step to care for people in winter, preserve enterprises and reduce the burden on the environment; zero quotas keep strategic raw materials in Ukraine for domestic processing. · Interfax-Ukraine
- Association of Woodworking Enterprises of Ukraine (October 2025): Resuming log exports could cause a mass outflow of raw material, price rises, plant shutdowns and job losses. · Interfax-Ukraine (press release, Association of Woodworking Enterprises of Ukraine)
In court and with insurers
Every proceeding and every insurer decision on record.
Lawsuits and rulings
- 2019–2020Claimant wonEU v. Ukraine: restrictions on exports of certain wood products to the European UnionArbitration panel under Article 307 of the EU–Ukraine Association Agreement, Lugano · Arbitration · European Union → Ukraine
Final report of 11 December 2020: the 2005 export ban on ten species was incompatible with Article 35 AA but justified under GATT Article XX(b); the 2015 temporary export ban was incompatible with Article 35 and not justified under GATT Article XX(g). The panel recommended good-faith compliance, taking into account AA Article 293. None on record: repeal of the 2015 ban by the Verkhovna Rada. EU–Ukraine Association Agreement Arbitration Panel
Insurers
No insurer decision on record.
What nature saw
Outcomes measured on the ground, and nature's note.
Nature's report opens this page. Below: further outcomes measured on the ground.
Ruling
11 Dec 2020
2015 ban in breach of Art. 35 AA; 2005 ban justified
Ban period
10 years
From 2015; non-pine species to 1 November 2025
Export quotas
Zero
Unprocessed and fuel wood to the end of 2026
What we don't know
Undisclosed, unproven, untried: recorded as data.
Nature
- Not measured Harm to nature: No independent ecological evaluation is on record.
- Disputed Purpose of the 2015 ban on unprocessed timber exports
Accounts
- Disputed Whether the panel had jurisdiction and Article 35 applied
Record
- Not measured Not measured: logging volumes before and after the ban; the panel ruled on legal justification and did not assess the effect of the ban on forests.
- None on record None on record: value of the EU log imports affected; the panel report sections and the European Commission pages do not state it.
- None on record None on record: repeal of the 2015 ban by the Verkhovna Rada.
- None on record None on record: EU response to the 2025–2026 zero export quotas.
- Unclear Unclear: final status of bills No. 13223 and No. 13227-d on the timber market in 2026.
- Disputed Figures differ: the date of the panel request is 20 June 2019 in the panel report; European Commission pages give different dates.
- None on record None on record: compliance step by Ukraine listed on the European Commission dispute page.
Did the harm stop?
The 2015 ban remained in effect after the December 2020 report; the statutory moratorium for non-pine species ended on 1 November 2025 and was replaced by Cabinet zero export quotas running to the end of 2026.
Who paid?
None on record.
Sources
Voices on record: ✓ Company or project✓ Government and regulators✓ Courts✓ Press and investigations— Communities and civil society— Researchers
Company or project
- Moratorium end and zero-quota proposal (press release of the Association of Woodworking Enterprises of Ukraine)Interfax-Ukraine (press release, Association of Woodworking Enterprises of Ukraine) · 2025-10
Government and regulators
- Ukraine – wood export banEuropean Commission, DG Trade ·
- The history of the EU-Ukraine dispute on wood export banEuropean Commission, DG Trade · 2020-12-12
Courts
- Restrictions applied by Ukraine on exports of certain wood products to the European Union: Final ReportEU–Ukraine Association Agreement Arbitration Panel · 2020-12-11
Press and investigations
- Arbitration Panel finds Ukraine's wood export ban illegal, obliges to cancel it - EU DelegationInterfax-Ukraine · 2020-12-14
Connected cases
Related matters, and cases linked to this one through the same organisations, with the role each played in both.
- FSC suspension of Russia and Belarus and birch plywood sanctions cases in the EU Russia · 2022–2026 Related matter
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Complainant in the arbitration; there: Council Regulation (EU) 2022/576 wood import ban
- Carpathian beech, IKEA's supply chain and FSC certification: Earthsight's 2020 findings and the responses Ukraine · 2018–2025 Related matter
- Register of Damage for Ukraine, the Claims Commission convention and the money meant to pay claims Ukraine · 2024–2026
- Government of Ukraine (Government) — here: Imposed the export ban and the zero quotas; respondent; there: Claimant State; B3.1 filer
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Complainant in the arbitration; there: Delivered windfall revenues; EUR 90 billion loan
- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the dispute and published the memo; there: Reported the EUR 1.4 billion transfer
- Destruction of the Kakhovka dam and drainage of the Kakhovka reservoir (June 2023) Ukraine · 2023–2026
- Government of Ukraine (Government) — here: Imposed the export ban and the zero quotas; respondent; there: Co-author of the PDNA and RDNA reports; prosecuting authorities; claimant of environmental damage
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Complainant in the arbitration; there: Co-author of RDNA3 and RDNA4; statement at the OSCE
- EU Deforestation Regulation delays and trade pressure European Union · 2022
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Complainant in the arbitration; there: Regulator
- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the dispute and published the memo; there: Proposer of simplification review
- Kerch Strait storm, November 2007: Volgoneft 139 fuel-oil spill and sulphur-ship sinkings Russia · 2007–2018
- Government of Ukraine (Government) — here: Imposed the export ban and the zero quotas; respondent; there: Affected state; damage estimate over USD 1 billion
- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the dispute and published the memo; there: Post-disaster needs assessment with UNEP
- Mauritania fishmeal industry, sardinella stocks and foreign fishing agreements Mauritania · 2008–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Complainant in the arbitration; there: Party to the Sustainable Fisheries Partnership Agreement and protocol
- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the dispute and published the memo; there: Negotiator and evaluator of the SFPA; publishes the protocol terms
- Ukraine's Joint Implementation credits and Kyoto unit sales to Japan and Spain, 2008–2021 Ukraine · 2008–2021
- Government of Ukraine (Government) — here: Imposed the export ban and the zero quotas; respondent; there: Seller of AAUs; host of the JI projects
- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the dispute and published the memo; there: Set rules on use of international credits
- Ukraine's mine contamination, the farmland demining programme and mine-action money Ukraine · 2022–2026
- Government of Ukraine (Government) — here: Imposed the export ban and the zero quotas; respondent; there: Sets contamination figures; runs the demining strategy
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Complainant in the arbitration; there: Mobilised over EUR 360 million for demining since 2022 (EEAS)
- 62% of UK paraquat exports since 2015 went to poorer countries, analysis finds United Kingdom · 2015–2024
- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the dispute and published the memo; there: Institution whose paraquat approval the EU court annulled
- AdBlue cartel (Daimler, BMW, VW) Germany · 2009–2014
- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the dispute and published the memo; there: Competition authority that issued the decision
- African Parks Odzala-Kokoua abuses (Republic of Congo) Republic of Congo · 2010–2025
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Complainant in the arbitration; there: Funder (€6m for 2018–2023; 46% of the park budget in 2020)
- Banc d'Arguin National Park, the BACoMaB trust fund and fishing pressure Mauritania · 2002–2025
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Complainant in the arbitration; there: Fisheries-agreement sectoral support, including EUR 1 million a year for the PNBA in 2008–2012
- Bottom trawling in European marine protected areas European Union · 2017–2026
- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the dispute and published the memo; there: Proposed the non-binding phase-out target
- Bou Craa phosphate mine and Morocco green hydrogen in Western Sahara Western Sahara (controlled in large part by Morocco) · 1975–2026
- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the dispute and published the memo; there: Negotiated the EU-Morocco arrangements
- Burkina Faso Forest Investment Program project: 3.78 million tCO2eq in emission reductions estimated with an ex-ante tool Burkina Faso · 2014–2021
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Complainant in the arbitration; there: EU Trust Fund grant of EUR 7.30 million, amended to EUR 6.5 million
- Drone strike on the Chornobyl New Safe Confinement, 14 February 2025, and the repair funding Ukraine · 2025–2026
- Government of Ukraine (Government) — here: Imposed the export ban and the zero quotas; respondent; there: Attributes the strike to a Russian drone; Energy Ministry estimate
- End-of-life vehicle recycling cartel (EU carmakers, ACEA) European Union · 2002–2017
- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the dispute and published the memo; there: Regulator
- EU banned-pesticide exports European Union · 2018–2026
- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the dispute and published the memo; there: Made the 2020 pledge; reported to have withdrawn it in 2026
- EU bans offset-based neutrality claims from 27 September 2026 European Union · 2024–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Complainant in the arbitration; there: adopted the directive
- EU bans three neonicotinoid pesticides outdoors in 2018; Turkey follows in part European Union · 2018
- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the dispute and published the memo; there: adopted the outdoor ban
- EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism burden on Turkish exporters Turkey · 2026
- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the dispute and published the memo; there: Regulator of CBAM
- EU court rejects Austria's challenge to green label for gas and nuclear European Union · 2022–2025
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Complainant in the arbitration; there: set the taxonomy rules
- EU mirror measure on antimicrobials and Brazil beef exclusion Brazil · 2019–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Complainant in the arbitration; there: Regulator that adopted the measure and decided the list
- EU narrows supply-chain law and delays deforestation rule twice European Union · 2024–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Complainant in the arbitration; there: Adopted the narrowed directive and postponed the EUDR
- EU seal-product ban's Inuit exemption found ineffective Canada · 2014
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Complainant in the arbitration; there: Seal-product ban with an Inuit exemption
- EU taxonomy hydropower exemption and California large hydro exclusion European Union / United States · 2002–2021
- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the dispute and published the memo; there: Author of the taxonomy rule
- Germany agreed €2.6bn and €1.75bn coal exit payments to RWE and LEAG Germany · 2019–2023
- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the dispute and published the memo; there: approved the RWE payment
- Great Green Wall: USD 19bn tracked, USD 2.5bn disbursed by March 2023, and a restored area reported at between 1.66 and almost 18 million hectares Sahel (11 countries) · 2007–2026
- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the dispute and published the memo; there: Donor; land restoration pillar USD 208 million
- Hamoun wetlands, Helmand water and the EU/UNDP restoration project Iran · 1973–2025
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Complainant in the arbitration; there: Funder of the €10 million restoration project
- HFC-23 and SF6 Joint Implementation projects at KCKK Polymer and HaloPolymer Perm Russia · 2008–2015
- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the dispute and published the memo; there: Regulation 550/2011 banning HFC-23 credits from 2013
- Jadar lithium project Serbia · 2022–2025
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Complainant in the arbitration; there: Defendant in the strategic-status case (European Commission)
- Kenyan forest guards shoot dead Sengwer herder Robert Kirotich during evictions Kenya · 2018–2024
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Complainant in the arbitration; there: donor; suspended support for the WaTER programme
- Kenyan water-tower forest evictions followed the 2018 shooting of a Sengwer herder Kenya · 2016–2024
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Complainant in the arbitration; there: funder of the WaTER programme
- Khimki forest and the M11 Moscow–St Petersburg toll motorway (km 15–58) Russia · 2007–2025
- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the dispute and published the memo; there: Letter to an MEP on EIB and EBRD financing conditions
- Lliuya v RWE Peru · 2025
- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the dispute and published the memo; there: Approved the German compensation payment to RWE (13 December 2023)
- Messok Dja ecoguard abuses (Republic of Congo) Republic of Congo · 2008–2020
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Complainant in the arbitration; there: Funder; suspended about €1 million in 2020
- Methane super-emitters in Turkmenistan's oil and gas fields Turkmenistan · 2017–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Complainant in the arbitration; there: Methane import rules apply to gas contracts from 2027
- Morocco says it cut cadmium in phosphate fertilisers; EU cannot verify the claim Morocco · 2025
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Complainant in the arbitration; there: acknowledges it cannot verify Morocco's claim
- Nonylphenol ethoxylates: Swiss ban and EU restriction Switzerland · 1984–2014
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Complainant in the arbitration; there: Adopted Directive 2003/53/EC
- Plastic waste imports into Türkiye (Adana) Türkiye · 2016–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Complainant in the arbitration; there: Assessed Türkiye under Article 45(5) of the Waste Shipment Regulation
- Posidonia oceanica meadows (Balearics, Mediterranean) Spain · 2018–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Complainant in the arbitration; there: Habitats Directive: Posidonia beds are a priority habitat
- Prestige Spain · 2002–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Complainant in the arbitration; there: Provided more than €275m in aid
- Russian Joint Implementation credits under the Kyoto Protocol, 2009–2012 Russia · 2009–2015
- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the dispute and published the memo; there: Regulation 550/2011; EU ETS credit data
- Sengwer evictions from Embobut forest and the EU Water Towers programme (Kenya) Kenya · 2014–2024
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Complainant in the arbitration; there: Funder of the WaTER programme
- Spain: environmental liability financial guarantee (EU Directive Art. 14) Spain · 2004
- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the dispute and published the memo; there: Evaluated the directive and reported on mandatory financial security
- Sudan gum arabic belt: wartime production losses and EU and GCF funding Sudan · 2013–2028
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Complainant in the arbitration; there: Funder of the gum arabic programme
- Termit and Tin Toumma National Nature Reserve: 2019 boundary change around CNPC oil blocks Niger · 2012–2023
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Complainant in the arbitration; there: Funds reserve management (PAPBIO programme)
- Trade rules curb green industrial policy; WTO rules against Indonesia nickel ban Global · 2013–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Complainant in the arbitration; there: Complainant in the Indonesia nickel case; respondent in the palm oil and CBAM disputes
- Ukraine’s criminal proceedings over wartime environmental harm Ukraine · 2022–2026
- Government of Ukraine (Government) — here: Imposed the export ban and the zero quotas; respondent; there: Prosecuting state
- Ukraine’s official count of war damage to the environment Ukraine · 2022–2026
- Government of Ukraine (Government) — here: Imposed the export ban and the zero quotas; respondent; there: Publisher of the damage figures
- Used cooking oil and POME biofuel certification: fraud allegations (ISCC, EU/UK) European Union · 2016–2025
- European Commission (Public authority) — here: Brought the dispute and published the memo; there: Regulator; anti-dumping duties; recognition of ISCC
- Uzbek cotton boycott ends forced labour Uzbekistan · 2017–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Complainant in the arbitration; there: Trade partner (trade preference)
- Wadi El Ku catchment project, North Darfur Sudan · 2013–2026
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Complainant in the arbitration; there: Funder, EUR 6.45 million for phase 1
- War-related greenhouse-gas emissions and Ukraine’s planned climate damage claim Ukraine · 2022–2026
- Government of Ukraine (Government) — here: Imposed the export ban and the zero quotas; respondent; there: Intended claimant
- World Bank and development bank accountability mechanisms: Embobut (Sengwer), Tata Mundra, Arun III, Jale, Cambodia Kenya · 2007–2024
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Complainant in the arbitration; there: Funder of the WaTER programme
- WTO panel backs EU on palm biofuel rules in Malaysia case Global · 2025
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Complainant in the arbitration; there: Respondent; set the renewable-status rules
- WTO panel found Indonesia's raw nickel export ban breached rules Indonesia · 2020–2022
- European Union (International organisation) — here: Complainant in the arbitration; there: Brought the complaint at the WTO
- Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant under Russian control, 2022–2026 Ukraine · 2022–2026
- Government of Ukraine (Government) — here: Imposed the export ban and the zero quotas; respondent; there: Disputes Russian ownership; Prosecutor General opened proceedings