Cases / Mining · Russia · 2015–2026
Nornickel Sulphur Programme: SO2 targets, spending and measured emissions at Norilsk and Kola
Nature's voice · report
My air over Norilsk received 1,854 kt of SO2 in 2015 and 1,146 kt in 2025 from the Norilsk site, according to Nornickel's Annual Report 2025.
Did nature suffer? Yes. Harm is on record. Disputed
Recorded
- NASA's satellite catalogue lists the Norilsk smelters at 1,934.1 kt in 2015 and 1,527.8 kt in 2025, with an overall uncertainty of about 50%. NASA Goddard
- At Nikel, near the Norwegian border, NASA's catalogue lists SO2 of 69.9 kt in 2015 and 5.4 kt in 2025; the smelter was shut down on 23 December 2020. NASA Goddard
- NILU's Svanvik station states that emissions from the Zapolyarny briquetting plant and the Nikel smelter have been significantly reduced, and continues to measure heavy metals in my air and precipitation. NILU
Accounts of the harm differ
How much SO2 did the Norilsk smelters emit, and in which direction did emissions move in 2025?
- Company or project Nornickel (Annual Report 2025): Norilsk-site SO2 of 1,854 kt in 2015, 1,837 kt in 2020, 1,256 kt in 2024 and 1,146 kt in 2025; 2025 labelled −9% against 2024 and −38% against 2015. Nornickel
- Researchers NASA Goddard catalogue V2 (Norilsk smelters): 1,934.1 kt in 2015, 1,660.5 kt in 2020, 1,104.0 kt in 2024 and 1,527.8 kt in 2025; the authors state an overall uncertainty of about 50%. NASA Goddard
How far did SO2 fall in the Kola Division and the Russia–Norway border area?
- Company or project Nornickel (Annual Report 2020): In 2020 SO2 fell 71% at Nikel and Zapolyarny and 58% in the Russia–Norway border area. Nornickel
- Company or project Nornickel (Annual Report 2022): In 2020 SO2 fell 71% in the border area and 50% at Nikel and Zapolyarny; the Kola Division fell 85% in 2021 against 2015 and Kola MMC 90%. Nornickel
- Company or project Nornickel (Annual Report 2021): A 90% reduction from Kola MMC in 2021 against 2015. Nornickel
Nornickel has published successive SO2 reduction targets and investment totals for its Norilsk and Kola smelters since 2015. Company-reported Norilsk emissions were 1,146 kt in 2025 against 1,854 kt in 2015; NASA's satellite catalogue lists different values for the same years.
−38%Company-reported Norilsk SO2 emissions, 2025 against 2015
1,146 kt in 2025 against 1,854 kt in 2015, as labelled in Nornickel's Annual Report 2025. Published targets: a 75% reduction by 2023 (Annual Report 2017); 45% in 2023 and 90% in 2025 (Annual Report 2020).
1,146 kt in 2025 against 1,854 kt in 2015, as labelled in Nornickel's Annual Report 2025. Published targets: a 75% reduction by 2023 (Annual Report 2017); 45% in 2023 and 90% in 2025 (Annual Report 2020).
Status As of October 2026: Nadezhda lines are in operation with a third sulphuric-acid line under construction in 2025; the Copper Plant is due to run until the end of 2028 before smelting is relocated; Nornickel remains on the Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global's exclusion list.
What?
Nornickel has published successive SO2 reduction targets and investment totals for its Norilsk and Kola smelters since 2015; company-reported Norilsk emissions were 1,146 kt in 2025 against 1,854 kt in 2015, and the Nikel smelter was shut down in December 2020. Nornickel
Where?
Norilsk smelters (Nadezhda Metallurgical Plant and Copper Plant), Krasnoyarsk Krai; Nikel smelter (Pechenga district, Murmansk Oblast, a few kilometres from the Norwegian border) and Severonikel/Monchegorsk in the Kola Division. NASA Goddard
When?
Targets published from 2015 and revised in the 2017, 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023 annual reports; Nikel smelter shut down on 23 December 2020; first Nadezhda line commissioned on 25 October 2023; Copper Plant to operate until the end of 2028 (statement of 17 April 2026). InvestFuture
Who?
Gained
- Companies in the 12 cities of the emissions-quota experiment, including Norilsk — End of the experiment moved from 31 December 2024 to 31 December 2026 (bill passed in first reading on 11 March 2022) Interfax
Lost
- 660 Nikel smelting-shop staff — Smelting shop shut down; outplacement of RUB 912 million for 2020–2022, with 72% staying with the company Nornickel
- Nornickel — Excluded by the Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global on 19 November 2009 under the criterion "Severe environmental damage"; still listed on 11 August 2026 Norges Bank Investment Management
Why?
Nornickel's stated aim is to cut SO2 emissions at Norilsk and Kola; the Annual Report 2022 ties the Copper Plant timeline to Government Resolution No. 353 of 12 March 2022 and gives no reason for the 2023 redesign. Nornickel
How?
At Nadezhda, SO2 from the main smelting units is converted to sulphuric acid and neutralised with limestone, with the gypsum slurry going to a repository; at Kola the Nikel smelting shop and the Monchegorsk metallurgical shop were shut down. Interfax
6 of 6 questions answered from the record
What happened
The record, in order.
In 2015 Nornickel reported emitting up to 2 million tonnes of SO2 a year and planned SO2 capture of 95% or more from 2016, with completion in the first quarter of 2019, according to First Vice President Sergei Dyachenko; the 2012 programme, with a budget of up to US$2bn under Vladimir Strzhalkovsky, was described by the company as no longer current. The Annual Report 2017 set a target of a 75% reduction of SO2 emissions in the Norilsk Industrial District by 2023 against 2015 and 50% in Nikel by 2019, with about US$2.5bn of investment by 2023, and recorded that stage 1, including the closure of the Nickel Plant in Norilsk, was completed in 2016. The Annual Report 2020 restated the target as a reduction of 45% in 2023 and 90% in 2025 (2015 baseline).
The schedule then changed. The Annual Report 2021 gave a Nadezhda launch in 2023 and, for the Copper Plant, a final investment decision in June 2021, construction from 2022, launch in 2025 and recovery of 99%–99.5% of SO2, within an investment of US$4.1–4.3bn. The Annual Report 2022 gave a Nadezhda target of a 45% SO2 reduction by 2024 and marked the Copper Plant as "Redesign in 2023", with its timeline referenced to Clause 6 of Government Resolution No. 353 of 12 March 2022. The Annual Report 2023 gave Nadezhda a ramp-up to design capacity by the end of 2024 and the Copper Plant as "Redesign, refinement of design solutions", with no launch year. On 17 April 2026 Evgeny Fedorov, First Vice President and head of the Polar Division, said the Copper Plant would operate until the end of 2028, after which its smelting stage would be shut down and moved closer to consumers, and that he expected a 90% cut in absolute SO2 in the Norilsk Industrial District, more than 700 thousand tonnes a year (TASS, citing Taimyr Telegraph).
The first line at the Nadezhda plant was commissioned on 25 October 2023. SO2 from the main smelting units is converted to sulphuric acid and neutralised with limestone; the gypsum slurry goes to a repository designed for 90 million cubic metres and 15 years of operation, with capacity of about 2.4 million tonnes a year of sulphuric acid and about 5 million tonnes a year of gypsum, and Interfax reported no current plans to use the gypsum. Plant director Vitaly Muravyov said that once all lines reached design capacity the plant's SO2 should fall from the current 1.1 million tonnes to 197,000 tonnes. Nornickel reported SO2 recovered of 7.5 thousand tonnes in 2023, about 390 thousand tonnes in 2024 and 489 thousand tonnes in 2025, and said construction of a third sulphuric-acid line continued in 2025.
Nornickel's emissions series and NASA Goddard's satellite catalogue give different values for the Norilsk smelters. The company reported Norilsk-site SO2 of 1,854 kt in 2015, 1,837 kt in 2020, 1,256 kt in 2024 and 1,146 kt in 2025, and Kola-site SO2 of 155.1 kt in 2015, 73.2 kt in 2020, 12.8 kt in 2024 and 13.7 kt in 2025. The NASA catalogue lists 1,934.1 kt in 2015, 1,660.5 kt in 2020, 1,104.0 kt in 2024 and 1,527.8 kt in 2025 for the Norilsk smelters; its authors state an overall uncertainty of about 50%. In August 2019 Greenpeace, using NASA data, ranked the Norilsk smelter complex as the world's largest SO2 emission hotspot.
At Kola, the Nikel smelting shop (900 kt a year of charge) was shut down on 23 December 2020 and the Monchegorsk metallurgical shop on 20 March 2021. NILU's Svanvik station page states that emissions from the Zapolyarny briquetting plant and the Nikel smelter have been significantly reduced. The Barents Observer reported that Norway had granted NOK 300 million in the early 1990s to reduce Nikel emissions and that the money was never spent and was returned. The Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global lists GMK Norilskiy Nickel PAO as excluded under the criterion "Severe environmental damage", decided on 19 November 2009 and still listed in the 11 August 2026 update.
On 11 March 2022 the State Duma passed in first reading bill No. 84931-8, which moved the end of the emissions-quota experiment covering 12 cities including Norilsk from 31 December 2024 to 31 December 2026. Deputy Economy Minister Alexei Khersontsev said the delay gave companies time to find new equipment suppliers and adjust timelines. Interfax quoted the Clean Air target for these cities as a 20% fall in emissions by 2024.
- 2009Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global excludes the company under the criterion "Severe environmental damage" (19 Nov)
- 2015Nornickel reports up to 2 million tonnes of SO2 a year; plans 95% capture from 2016 with completion in Q1 2019
- 2016Stage 1 of the environmental programme, including closure of the Nickel Plant in Norilsk, completed
- 2017Annual Report 2017 targets: −75% SO2 in the Norilsk Industrial District by 2023, −50% in Nikel by 2019
- 2019Greenpeace ranks the Norilsk smelter complex as the world's largest SO2 emission hotspot, using NASA data (August)
- 2020Annual Report 2020 targets: −45% in 2023 and −90% in 2025; Nikel smelter shut down (23 Dec)
- 2021Monchegorsk metallurgical shop shut down (20 Mar); Copper Plant final investment decision (June)
- 2022Duma passes bill postponing the emissions-quota experiment to 31 Dec 2026 (11 Mar); Copper Plant marked "Redesign in 2023"
- 2023First line at Nadezhda commissioned (25 Oct)
- 2025Company reports 489 thousand tonnes of SO2 recovered and Norilsk-site SO2 of 1,146 kt
- 2026Fedorov: Copper Plant to operate until the end of 2028, then smelting relocated (17 Apr)
What was said
Claims, in the words of those who made them.
“This is a historic event”
“which also produces goods for the green economy”
“from the current 1.1 million tonnes to 197,000 tonnes”
“A more than 99% recovery rate was achieved, a figure confirmed by government agencies during control and oversight inspections”
“unparalleled in scale”
“For those who decided to try their hand at entrepreneurship, good starting conditions were created”
“have now been significantly reduced”
Where accounts differ
Each party's account, side by side, with its source. The record does not settle these points; it shows them.
How much SO2 did the Norilsk smelters emit, and in which direction did emissions move in 2025?
Company or project
Nornickel (Annual Report 2025)
Norilsk-site SO2 of 1,854 kt in 2015, 1,837 kt in 2020, 1,256 kt in 2024 and 1,146 kt in 2025; 2025 labelled −9% against 2024 and −38% against 2015.
NornickelResearchers
NASA Goddard catalogue V2 (Norilsk smelters)
1,934.1 kt in 2015, 1,660.5 kt in 2020, 1,104.0 kt in 2024 and 1,527.8 kt in 2025; the authors state an overall uncertainty of about 50%.
NASA GoddardHow far did SO2 fall in the Kola Division and the Russia–Norway border area?
Company or project
Nornickel (Annual Report 2020)
In 2020 SO2 fell 71% at Nikel and Zapolyarny and 58% in the Russia–Norway border area.
NornickelCompany or project
Nornickel (Annual Report 2022)
In 2020 SO2 fell 71% in the border area and 50% at Nikel and Zapolyarny; the Kola Division fell 85% in 2021 against 2015 and Kola MMC 90%.
NornickelCompany or project
Nornickel (Annual Report 2021)
A 90% reduction from Kola MMC in 2021 against 2015.
NornickelHow it looked
What was shown, beside what was recorded.
Shown
- The Norilsk smelter complex described as the largest SO2 emission hotspot in the world, followed by Kriel (South Africa) and Zagroz (Iran), using NASA dataGreenpeace (August 2019) · Greenpeace International
- Norilsk described as having the largest individual SO2 emissionsReuters, via The Moscow Times (20 August 2019) · The Moscow Times
- The Norilsk smelters described as one of the largest anthropogenic SO2 sources visible from satellitesNickolay Krotkov, NASA (September 2016) · NASA Earth Observatory
- The Nadezhda project described as unparalleled in scale; a recovery rate of more than 99% confirmed by government agencies during inspectionsNornickel (Annual Report 2025; Sustainability Report 2024) · Nornickel
Recorded
- Company-reported Norilsk-site SO2: 1,854 kt (2015), 1,837 kt (2020), 1,256 kt (2024), 1,146 kt (2025); the company labels 2025 −9% against 2024 and −38% against 2015
- Company-reported Kola-site SO2: 155.1 kt (2015), 73.2 kt (2020), 12.8 kt (2024), 13.7 kt (2025); the company labels 2025 −91% against 2015 and attributes the small 2025 rise to increased processing of raw materials
- NASA Goddard catalogue, Norilsk smelters: 2,022.6 kt (2005), 2,397.4 kt (2013), 1,934.1 kt (2015), 1,660.5 kt (2020), 1,098.4 kt (2023), 1,104.0 kt (2024), 1,527.8 kt (2025); overall uncertainty about 50%
- The Earth System Science Data paper behind the catalogue names Norilsk among the largest sources whose emissions "demonstrated little changes" over the period it covers
- Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global: GMK Norilskiy Nickel PAO excluded under the criterion "Severe environmental damage", decision date 19.11.2009, still listed at the 11 August 2026 update
- Expert RA's 30 September 2026 ESG release notes exceedances of pollutant limits in Norilsk during the rating period
Who gained
Money that reached nature, beside money that stayed elsewhere.
Reached nature or the ground
Not published
Sulphur Programme 2.0 investment, 202011.3bn
Window: 2020
Company figure: RUB 11.3 bn (US$154 million).
Kola comprehensive environmental project, 20201.2bn
Window: 2020
Company figure: RUB 1.2 bn (US$16 million).
Kola comprehensive environmental project, 2021–20253.5bn
Window: 2021–2025
Company figure: RUB 3.5 bn (US$49 million).
Sulphur Programme total including Mokulaevsky limestone infrastructure> 180bn
Interfax, October 2023.
Sulphur Programme invested by October 2023≈ 120bn
Window: to Oct 2023
Interfax, October 2023.
Nadezhda complex projected at full completion250bn
Sustainability Report 2024.
Environmental costs and expenditures (company-reported), 202035bn
Window: 2020
Environmental costs and expenditures (company-reported), 2021199bn
Window: 2021
Environmental costs and expenditures (company-reported), 202284bn
Window: 2022
Environmental costs and expenditures (company-reported), 2023101bn
Window: 2023
Environmental costs and expenditures (company-reported), 202497bn
Window: 2024
Gained elsewhere
Not totalled
Outplacement of 660 Nikel smelting-shop staff912m
Window: 2020–2022
Company figure: RUB 912 million (US$12.8 million); 72% stayed with the company.
Currency: RUB · Window: Mixed — see each line. Figures cover different periods and are not compared as a ratio. * Estimate built from cited figures.
Responses on record
- nornickel (2020-12-23): Potanin called the Nikel smelter shutdown a historic event and described the company as one that also produces goods for the green economy. · The Barents Observer
- nornickel (2025): Reported a recovery rate of more than 99%, a figure it said was confirmed by government agencies during control and oversight inspections. · Nornickel
- nornickel (2026): Described the Nadezhda project as unparalleled in scale and reported 489 thousand tonnes of SO2 recovered in 2025. · Nornickel
In court and with insurers
Every proceeding and every insurer decision on record.
Lawsuits and rulings
No court case on record. No court has ruled on this case.
Insurers
No insurer decision on record.
What nature saw
Outcomes measured on the ground, and nature's note.
Nature's report opens this page. Below: further outcomes measured on the ground.
Company-reported Norilsk SO2, 2025 against 2015
1,146 kt vs 1,854 kt
Annual Report 2025; labelled −38%
Published target for 2025
−90%
Annual Report 2020, 2015 baseline
NASA catalogue, Norilsk smelters, 2025
1,527.8 kt
Overall uncertainty about 50%; 2015 value 1,934.1 kt
Nikel smelter, NASA catalogue
69.9 kt to 5.4 kt
2015 to 2025; shut down 23 December 2020
What we don't know
Undisclosed, unproven, untried: recorded as data.
Nature
Court
- None on record No court case on record.
Record
- Disputed Disputed: the direction of change in Norilsk SO2 for 2025. Nornickel reports 1,146 kt (−9% against 2024); the NASA catalogue lists 1,527.8 kt against 1,104.0 kt in 2024, with an overall uncertainty of about 50%.
- Disputed Disputed: Nornickel's own Kola percentages differ between reports. The Annual Report 2020 gives −71% at Nikel and Zapolyarny and −58% in the Russia–Norway border area for 2020; the Annual Report 2022 gives −71% in the border area and −50% at Nikel and Zapolyarny.
- Not disclosed Not disclosed: year-by-year Sulphur Programme spending after 2020; the company's annual report pages give only totals and the 2020 figure.
- Not disclosed Not disclosed: a launch year for the Copper Plant in the Annual Report 2023, and a reason for the 2023 redesign in the Annual Report 2022.
- Not disclosed Not disclosed: an investment amount for the 2026 relocation of Copper Plant smelting.
- None on record None on record: a court case over SO2 air emissions.
Did the harm stop?
The Nikel smelter was shut down on 23 December 2020 and the Monchegorsk metallurgical shop on 20 March 2021. At Norilsk, emissions continued in 2025 at 1,146 kt according to the company.
Who paid?
The programme's investment totals are company figures; company-reported environmental capital investments were RUB 10.4 bn in 2020 and RUB 42.1 bn in 2024. The Norwegian NOK 300 million grant of the early 1990s was reported as never spent and returned.
Sources
Voices on record: ✓ Company or project✓ Government and regulators— Courts✓ Press and investigations✓ Communities and civil society✓ Researchers
Company or project
- Annual Report 2017: Improvement of environmental conditionsNornickel · 2018
- Annual Report 2020: Environmental projectsNornickel · 2021
- Annual Report 2021: Sulphur Project 2.0Nornickel · 2022
- Annual Report 2022: Sulphur Project 2.0Nornickel · 2023
- Annual Report 2023: Sulphur projectNornickel · 2024
- Annual Report 2025: Ecology and climate (PDF, Russian)Nornickel · 2026
- Sustainability Report 2024: Ecological well-being (PDF)Nornickel · 2025
Government and regulators
- Global SO2 point source catalogue V2, 2005–2025 (Catalogue_SO2_2025.xls)NASA Goddard · 2026
- Exclusion of companiesNorges Bank Investment Management · 2026-08
- Siberian River Has Turned Red Before, Satellites ShowNASA Earth Observatory · 2016-09-15
Press and investigations
- Nornickel to invest more than RUB 180bn in the Sulphur ProgrammeInterfax · 2023-10-25
- Nornickel to relocate smelting and cut emissions by 90% by 2028 (TASS)InvestFuture · 2026-04-17
- Duma passed a bill freezing several environmental initiatives for two yearsInterfax · 2022-03-11
- Nornickel is considering issuing green bondsVedomosti · 2015-11-25
- Russia's Norilsk Tops Global List of SO2 Emissions Hot Spots – NASA (Reuters)The Moscow Times · 2019-08-20
- Potanin: 'This is a historic event for Nornickel'The Barents Observer · 2020-12-23
- Expert RA upgraded the ESG rating of Norilsk Nickel to ESG-AA-Expert RA · 2026-09-30
Communities and civil society
- Greenpeace analysis ranks global SO2 air pollution hotspotsGreenpeace International · 2019-08
Researchers
- Svanvik monitoring stationNILU · 2024-11-29
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- Hardwood logging in the Russian Far East and exports to China Russia · 2001–2023
- Government of Russia (Government) — here: Resolution No. 353 of 12 March 2022; emissions-quota experiment postponed; there: Officials' statements 2020 and 2023
- Hess agreed to buy at least US$750 million of Guyana forest credits Guyana · 2011–2032
- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Ranked SO2 hotspots using NASA data (August 2019); there: Campaign group that criticised the plan
- Indonesia's forest moratorium: ministry cited 38% less clearing, Greenpeace disputed it Indonesia · 2011–2019
- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Ranked SO2 hotspots using NASA data (August 2019); there: critic; published satellite analysis
- Indus Waters Treaty suspension India / Pakistan · 2025
- NASA Earth Observatory (Public authority) — here: Quoted Nickolay Krotkov on Norilsk SO2 (2016); there: Published the GRACE aquifer summary (context)
- Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251 collision Low Earth orbit · 2009–2026
- NASA (Government) — here: NASA Goddard publishes the global SO2 point-source catalogue; there: Publisher of Orbital Debris Quarterly News
- ISS battery pallet debris hits a Florida home United States · 2021–2024
- NASA (Government) — here: NASA Goddard publishes the global SO2 point-source catalogue; there: Operator of the ISS equipment; respondent to the claim
- Kerch Strait storm, November 2007: Volgoneft 139 fuel-oil spill and sulphur-ship sinkings Russia · 2007–2018
- Government of Russia (Government) — here: Resolution No. 353 of 12 March 2022; emissions-quota experiment postponed; there: Government claimants; military clean-up reported
- Khimki forest and the M11 Moscow–St Petersburg toll motorway (km 15–58) Russia · 2007–2025
- Government of Russia (Government) — here: Resolution No. 353 of 12 March 2022; emissions-quota experiment postponed; there: Land-transfer order; Medvedev and Ivanov statements
- Long March 5B uncontrolled reentries China · 2020–2022
- NASA (Government) — here: NASA Goddard publishes the global SO2 point-source catalogue; there: Government space agency; its Administrator commented on the reentries
- Lukoil-Komi oil spills in the Usinsk area and the Kolva River, 2011–2023, damage claims and payments Russia · 2011–2023
- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Ranked SO2 hotspots using NASA data (August 2019); there: Documented chronic spills; third party in the 2012 administrative case
- McKinsey advice to COP28 presidency and fossil clients United Arab Emirates · 2011–2025
- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Ranked SO2 hotspots using NASA data (August 2019); there: Author of the 2011 report on McKinsey's cost curves
- Namibia landed thousands of tonnes of pilchard as bycatch under moratorium Namibia · 1994–2024
- Government of Norway (Government) — here: Reported to have granted NOK 300 million in the early 1990s to reduce Nikel emissions; there: Ran a 2024 independent biomass study
- Norway postpones deep-sea mining licensing to 2029 in budget deal Norway · 2025–2029
- Government of Norway (Government) — here: Reported to have granted NOK 300 million in the early 1990s to reduce Nikel emissions; there: Government that postponed the licensing
- Plastic waste imports into Türkiye (Adana) Türkiye · 2016–2026
- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Ranked SO2 hotspots using NASA data (August 2019); there: Reported UK plastic at Adana dumping sites (2021)
- Raja Ampat nickel licences revoked Indonesia · 2025
- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Ranked SO2 hotspots using NASA data (August 2019); there: Campaign organisation; reported more than 500 hectares destroyed
- Resolute Forest Products v Greenpeace Canada · 2012–2024
- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Ranked SO2 hotspots using NASA data (August 2019); there: Defendant in the US case; campaigner
- Russia declares WWF and Greenpeace 'undesirable' organisations Russia · 2023
- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Ranked SO2 hotspots using NASA data (August 2019); there: Declared undesirable and closed in Russia
- Russia labels WWF Russia a foreign agent, then an undesirable organisation Russia · 2023
- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Ranked SO2 hotspots using NASA data (August 2019); there: Declared undesirable on 19 May 2023
- Russia's 1 January 2022 ban on exports of unprocessed softwood and valuable hardwood logs Russia · 2020–2025
- Government of Russia (Government) — here: Resolution No. 353 of 12 March 2022; emissions-quota experiment postponed; there: Issued the instruction, duties and quotas
- Russia's national carbon-unit system under Federal Law 296-FZ Russia · 2021–2026
- Government of Russia (Government) — here: Resolution No. 353 of 12 March 2022; emissions-quota experiment postponed; there: Adopted Decree No. 234 of 2026
- Russian forest-climate projects: RUSAL fire-protection units and Sakhalin larch planting Russia · 2019–2026
- Government of Russia (Government) — here: Resolution No. 353 of 12 March 2022; emissions-quota experiment postponed; there: Federal Law 492-FZ and reserve-account rules
- Russian Joint Implementation credits under the Kyoto Protocol, 2009–2012 Russia · 2009–2015
- Government of Russia (Government) — here: Resolution No. 353 of 12 March 2022; emissions-quota experiment postponed; there: Approved projects through the Designated Focal Point
- Sakhalin carbon-neutrality experiment under Federal Law 34-FZ Russia · 2022–2028
- Government of Russia (Government) — here: Resolution No. 353 of 12 March 2022; emissions-quota experiment postponed; there: Set the payment rate; federal law 34-FZ
- Sakhalin-2 and Sakhalin-1 in 2022: transfer decrees, the ecological-audit deduction clause and write-downs Russia · 2022–2026
- Government of Russia (Government) — here: Resolution No. 353 of 12 March 2022; emissions-quota experiment postponed; there: Decree No. 416 and the orders on the stake sale
- Sakhalin-2: 2006 approval revocation, Gazprom stake purchase, 2009 damage-claim settlement and lender exits Russia · 2005–2009
- Government of Russia (Government) — here: Resolution No. 353 of 12 March 2022; emissions-quota experiment postponed; there: President Putin present at the December 2006 protocol
- Shell and Greenpeace settle Penguins FPSO case; Greenpeace pays RNLI £300,000 United Kingdom · 2023–2024
- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Ranked SO2 hotspots using NASA data (August 2019); there: Defendant; paid the RNLI and accepted exclusion zones
- Soviet whaling catches and the reports to the IWC, 1948–1979 Russia · 1948–1994
- Government of Russia (Government) — here: Resolution No. 353 of 12 March 2022; emissions-quota experiment postponed; there: Supplied original catch data to the IWC Scientific Committee in 1994
- Taimyr and Kola indigenous peoples and Nornickel: letter, development programme and compensation payments, 2020–2025 Russia · 2020–2025
- Nornickel (MMC Norilsk Nickel) (Company) — here: Operator of the Norilsk and Kola smelters; publisher of the targets and emissions figures; there: Funder of the programme and agreement partner
- Tropical Forest Forever Facility Brazil · 2025
- Government of Norway (Government) — here: Reported to have granted NOK 300 million in the early 1990s to reduce Nikel emissions; there: Pledged about 3 billion dollars (part conditional)
- Tukolon reserve sanitary logging conviction in Irkutsk Oblast Russia · 2018–2024
- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Ranked SO2 hotspots using NASA data (August 2019); there: Prompted the Rosleskhoz check
- Turmeric, neem, basmati, Nap Hal patent revocations India · 2004–2022
- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Ranked SO2 hotspots using NASA data (August 2019); there: Declared victory on the Nap Hal wheat revocation
- UK packaging recycling notes (PRN) system and fraud cases United Kingdom · 2009–2025
- Greenpeace (NGO) — here: Ranked SO2 hotspots using NASA data (August 2019); there: NGO; found UK plastic at sites in Adana