Amazon Fund (Fundo Amazônia), managed by BNDES: donations, projects, the 2019–2022 freeze and the restart
- Nominal; as stated on the donations page 5.26 billion reais were raised in my name. The measurements of what reached me differ. Amazon Fund (BNDES)
- Between 2009 and 2019 deforestation in federal and state protected areas, including Indigenous lands, rose 131%, according to the same page. Amazon Fund (BNDES)
- Deforestation in my Amazon rose again from 2015 but did not reach pre-2005 patterns, according to the mid-term evaluation of the fund. Amazon Fund (BNDES), independent consultants with technical coordination by ECLAC
- International bodies ECLAC-coordinated mid-term evaluation (2019): Clear evidence of contribution to reduced deforestation but hard to estimate quantitatively; the fund did not alter the trend of the last couple of years, though deforestation would otherwise have been more widespread. Amazon Fund (BNDES), independent consultants with technical coordination by ECLAC
- Company or project Amazon Fund results page: Deforested area in 2020 was 49% above the 2009 rate; average annual deforestation for 2010–2020 was 4% below 2009; the page states the fund's contribution is "not exclusive" and adds to many other actors. Amazon Fund (BNDES)
- Government and regulators Environment Ministry (Capobianco, 2024): Deforestation fell 49.9% in 2023 compared with 2022. Poder360
Brazil's Amazon Fund, created by decree in 2008 and managed by the Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES), receives donations for projects against deforestation in the Legal Amazon; its donations page records BRL 5,255,868,746.98 received as of 30 May 2026, led by Norway. Donor payments stopped in 2019, Brazil's Supreme Court ordered the fund reactivated in 2022, and an independent mid-term evaluation (December 2019) found that the fund had not altered deforestation trends but that deforestation would have been more widespread without it.
Total on the Amazon Fund donations page; Norway accounts for BRL 3,804,376,093.74 of it. The same page lists contracted donations in ten currencies, which are not converted here.
Status As of 30 May 2026: the fund is operating and receiving donations (BRL 5,255,868,746.98 received in total); the Supreme Federal Court ordered reactivation in November 2022; the latest independent evaluation in the sources reviewed covers 2008–2018.
- Project executors — By the end of 2018: third-party organisations (58 projects), state bodies (22), federal bodies (9), cities (7), universities (6) and international entities (1); 62% of allocated resources went to government entities Amazon Fund (BNDES), independent consultants with technical coordination by ECLAC
- BNDES — 3% of all donations is intended to cover the fund's operating costs Amazon Fund (BNDES), independent consultants with technical coordination by ECLAC
- Projects awaiting approval during the freeze — The claimants in ADO 59 argued that the fund approved no projects from 2019; about R$ 1.5 billion was blocked when the suspension took effect Conectas
- Amazon forest — Deforested area in 2020 was 49% above the 2009 rate; deforestation in protected areas including Indigenous lands rose 131% between 2009 and 2019 Amazon Fund (BNDES)
What happened
The Amazon Fund was created under Decree No. 6,527 of 1 August 2008. The fund's own page describes it as "a REDD+ mechanism created to raise donations for non-reimbursable investments" in deforestation prevention, monitoring and control and in the preservation and sustainable use of the Brazilian Amazon. BNDES raises the donations, invests them and monitors the supported projects; a Steering Committee (COFA) sets guidelines, and a Technical Committee (CTFA) certifies the Ministry of Environment's calculations of emission reductions from deforestation. The December 2019 mid-term evaluation, written by independent consultants with technical coordination by the UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), recorded that 3% of all donations is intended to cover operating costs and that the Ministry sets each year a fundraising ceiling based on the reduction of emissions from deforestation. The evaluation gave the shares of resources by component: 26% sustainable production, 47% monitoring and control, 14% territorial organisation and 13% science, innovation and economic instruments.
By the end of 2018 the fund supported 103 projects, with about R$ 1.9 billion committed and R$ 1.1 billion disbursed, according to the mid-term evaluation; of the resources received over ten years, 55% (R$ 1.9 billion) had been allocated to projects. The evaluation wrote that "out of the available resources, unfortunately, not even half were spent throughout this time period." The fund's donations page, as of 30 May 2026, lists cumulative donations received of BRL 5,255,868,746.98 in nominal terms from ten donors: Norway BRL 3,804,376,093.74, United Kingdom BRL 555,026,894.76, Germany BRL 387,859,396.00, United States BRL 291,382,003.20, Denmark BRL 84,741,838.56, Switzerland BRL 38,214,896.59, Ireland BRL 31,529,500.00, European Union BRL 30,510,045.00, Petrobras BRL 17,285,079.13 and Japan BRL 14,943,000.00. The same page gives Norway's donations in contracted currency as NOK 8,889,495,999.97 in its table and NOK 9,424,027,220.49 in its text. The fund's home page, which carries no as-of date, shows 154 supported projects and an amount disbursed of 632 (USD in millions).
Donor payments stopped in August 2019. Al Jazeera reported on 16 August 2019 that Norway had halted payments of about US$33 million, and that Norway's Climate and Environment Minister said Brazil had broken its agreement with Norway and Germany by dissolving the fund's board and technical committee; Germany suspended 35 million euros for new Environment Ministry projects, citing rising deforestation. The Brazilian government changed the fund's governance and closed the steering committee. In May 2019 the Environment Minister had said the ministry's analysis of about a quarter of the fund's contracts found problems in NGO contracts; the federal Comptroller-General (CGU) said it had not run audit tests on those contracts. In June 2020 political parties asked the Supreme Federal Court (STF) to order the government to reactivate the fund (ADO 59). On 3 November 2022 the court, following the rapporteur Justice Rosa Weber, held the paralysis to be an unconstitutional omission and ordered the federal government to take the administrative measures needed to reactivate the fund within 60 days; the ruling was published on 16 August 2023. Conectas, which took part as amicus curiae, put the amount blocked at about R$ 1.5 billion when the suspension took effect and R$ 3.3 billion by the time of the ruling.
After President Lula took office in January 2023, Reuters reported that Norway's minister announced the fund's revival, that Lula's first decrees reinstated its governing board and that the fund held about 3.4 billion reais. Poder360 reported on 1 February 2024, citing BNDES, that the fund received R$ 726 million in donations in 2023 (United Kingdom R$ 497 million, Germany R$ 186 million, Switzerland 28 million, United States R$ 15 million) against R$ 3.3 billion announced for 2023. The donations page shows later payments from the United States (December 2023 to October 2024), the United Kingdom (November 2024 to May 2026), Japan, Denmark, Ireland, the European Union and Switzerland. On deforestation, the fund's results page says the area deforested in the Legal Amazon in 2020 was 49% above the 2009 rate, while average annual deforestation for 2010–2020 was 4% below 2009; the mid-term evaluation found that the fund "did not alter the deforestation tendencies of the last couple of years" but that without it deforestation "would have been even more widespread." Brazil's Executive Secretary of the Environment Ministry said in 2024 that deforestation fell 49.9% in 2023 compared with 2022. The fund's page lists independent evaluations including a 2016 KfW ex-post evaluation that gave an overall grade of 2 on a scale of 1 to 6; an annual report for 2024 is listed in the BNDES library, and its figures are not in the sources reviewed.
- 2008Amazon Fund created by Decree No. 6,527 (1 August); BNDES to raise and manage donations
- 2009First Norwegian donation recorded; Norway's donations run to December 2025 (16 donations)
- 2010First German donation recorded (29 December); Germany's 7 donations run to 2024
- 2015Norway's initial Amazon Fund commitment recorded as met (Norad table footnote)
- 2016KfW ex-post evaluation of the fund: overall grade 2 on a scale of 1 to 6
- 2018End of year: 103 projects supported, about R$ 1.9 billion committed and R$ 1.1 billion disbursed (mid-term evaluation)
- 2019May: Environment Minister says analysis of about a quarter of contracts found problems; CGU says it ran no audit tests. August: Germany suspends EUR 35 million and Norway halts about US$33 million; December: ECLAC-coordinated mid-term evaluation report
- 2020June: political parties file ADO 59 at the Supreme Federal Court asking that the fund be reactivated
- 20223 November: Supreme Federal Court orders the federal government to reactivate the fund within 60 days
- 2023January: Norway announces the fund's revival after Lula reinstates its board; the fund received R$ 726 million in donations during the year (Poder360)
- 2024Donations continue from the United States, Japan, United Kingdom and Denmark; Poder360 reports R$ 3.3 billion announced for 2023
- 202630 May: donations page records BRL 5,255,868,746.98 received in total
What was said
“The overall goal of the Amazon Fund is to reduce deforestation with sustainable development in Brazil's Legal Amazon.”
“the Amazon Fund did not alter the deforestation tendencies of the last couple of years, but without its implementation, deforestation would have been even more widespread”
“out of the available resources, unfortunately, not even half were spent throughout this time period”
“Isn't Norway that country that kills whales up there in the North Pole?”
“Take that money and help Angela Merkel reforest Germany.”
“Brazil's new President has signaled a clear ambition to stop deforestation by 2030”
“A CGU não efetuou testes de auditoria sobre esses contratos”
“Tivemos redução do desmatamento de 49,9% em 2023 em relação a 2022.”
Where accounts differ
Each party's account, side by side, with its source. The record does not settle these points; it shows them.
Brazil broke its agreement with Norway and Germany by dissolving the fund's board and technical committee; no formal proposal for a new committee had been made.
Al JazeeraSuspended EUR 35 million for new Environment Ministry projects, citing concerns over rising deforestation.
Al JazeeraReacted with "Isn't Norway that country that kills whales up there in the North Pole?" and "Take that money and help Angela Merkel reforest Germany."
Al JazeeraSaid in May 2019 that analysis of about a quarter of the contracts found problems, including concentration of resources in staff, management, travel and training; the entities analysed were not named.
Jornal do BrasilSaid it did not take part in the ministry's analysis and ran no audit tests on those contracts; the conclusions were the ministry's alone.
Jornal do BrasilArgued that the fund had approved no projects since 2019 and that the CTFA and COFA had been eliminated, relying on Article 225 of the 1988 Constitution and the precautionary principle.
Climate Change Litigation DatabasesArgued that an action of this type is not a proper tool for expressing disagreement with government policy.
Climate Change Litigation DatabasesHeld the decrees that changed the fund's governance and blocked financing of new projects unconstitutional, found an unconstitutional omission and ordered reactivation within 60 days.
Climate Change Litigation DatabasesClear evidence of contribution to reduced deforestation but hard to estimate quantitatively; the fund did not alter the trend of the last couple of years, though deforestation would otherwise have been more widespread.
Amazon Fund (BNDES), independent consultants with technical coordination by ECLACDeforested area in 2020 was 49% above the 2009 rate; average annual deforestation for 2010–2020 was 4% below 2009; the page states the fund's contribution is "not exclusive" and adds to many other actors.
Amazon Fund (BNDES)Deforestation fell 49.9% in 2023 compared with 2022.
Poder360Not even half of the available resources had been spent over ten years; 55% of resources received (R$ 1.9 billion) had been allocated to projects.
Amazon Fund (BNDES), independent consultants with technical coordination by ECLACAbout R$ 1.5 billion was blocked when the suspension took effect and R$ 3.3 billion by the time of the judgment.
ConectasThe fund held about 3.4 billion reais ($620 million) when it was revived.
Reuters via ZawyaHow it looked
Shown
- The Amazon Fund described as "a REDD+ mechanism created to raise donations for non-reimbursable investments".Amazon Fund (BNDES) · Amazon Fund (BNDES)
- Results page listing 652 community organisations strengthened, 191 protected areas supported, 167 Indigenous lands supported and 1.4 million rural properties registered in the rural environmental registry.Amazon Fund (BNDES), "Amazon Fund in Numbers" page · Amazon Fund (BNDES)
- The fund's revival presented as a chance for the international community "to contribute", with Brazil's new president said to have "reinstated strategies" against deforestation.Norwegian Minister of Climate and Environment, as reported by Reuters · Reuters via Zawya
Recorded
- The December 2019 mid-term evaluation found clear evidence that the fund contributed to reduced deforestation but described that contribution as challenging to estimate quantitatively; it found the fund did not alter the trend of the preceding years.
- The evaluation records 103 projects, R$ 1.9 billion committed and R$ 1.1 billion disbursed at the end of 2018, and that not even half of the available resources had been spent.
- The fund's own results page records the Legal Amazon deforested area in 2020 as 49% above the 2009 rate and deforestation in federal and state protected areas, including Indigenous lands, as 131% higher in 2019 than in 2009.
- The Supreme Federal Court held on 3 November 2022 that the fund's paralysis was an unconstitutional omission and ordered reactivation within 60 days.
- The audits page lists annual financial statements with independent auditors' reports and compliance audit reports for 2010 to 2025; their content was not read.
In nature's name
Promised
- “a REDD+ mechanism created to raise donations for non-reimbursable investments” — Amazon Fund (BNDES), description of the fund Amazon Fund (BNDES)
- “The overall goal of the Amazon Fund is to reduce deforestation with sustainable development in Brazil's Legal Amazon.” — Mid-term evaluation of the Amazon Fund, restating the fund's objective (December 2019) Amazon Fund (BNDES), independent consultants with technical coordination by ECLAC
- “Brazil's new President has signaled a clear ambition to stop deforestation by 2030” — Espen Barth Eide, Norwegian Minister of Climate and Environment, as quoted by Reuters (January 2023) Reuters via Zawya
Money moved in nature's name
| What | Kind | Amount | Period |
|---|---|---|---|
| Donations received by the Amazon Fund, all donors, cumulative Ten donors led by Norway (BRL 3,804.376094 million) Amazon Fund (BNDES) | Raised | 5.3bn BRL | 2009–2026 (as of 30 May 2026) |
| Norway, cumulative contracted donations (table) Government of Norway Amazon Fund (BNDES) | Pledged | 8.9bn NOK | 2009–2025 |
| Norway, additional contracted donation Government of Norway Amazon Fund (BNDES) | Pledged | $50m | to 30 May 2026 |
| Germany, cumulative contracted donations Government of Germany Amazon Fund (BNDES) | Pledged | €90m | 2010–2024 |
| United Kingdom, cumulative contracted donations Government of the United Kingdom Amazon Fund (BNDES) | Pledged | £80m | 2024–2026 |
| United States, cumulative contracted donations Government of the United States Amazon Fund (BNDES) | Pledged | $53m | 2023–2024 |
| Denmark, cumulative contracted donations Government of Denmark Amazon Fund (BNDES) | Pledged | 150m DKK | 2024–2025 |
| European Union, cumulative contracted donations European Union Amazon Fund (BNDES) | Pledged | €19m | to 30 May 2026 |
| Switzerland, cumulative contracted donations Government of Switzerland Amazon Fund (BNDES) | Pledged | 10m CHF | 2023–2025 |
| Ireland, cumulative contracted donations Government of Ireland Amazon Fund (BNDES) | Pledged | €5m | 2025 |
| Japan, cumulative contracted donations Government of Japan Amazon Fund (BNDES) | Pledged | 411m JPY | 2024 |
| Petrobras, cumulative donations Petrobras Amazon Fund (BNDES) | Raised | 17m BRL | 2011–2018 |
| Resources committed to projects Amazon Fund (BNDES) Amazon Fund (BNDES), independent consultants with technical coordination by ECLAC | Spent | 1.9bn BRL | to end of 2018 |
| Resources disbursed to projects Amazon Fund (BNDES) Amazon Fund (BNDES), independent consultants with technical coordination by ECLAC | Paid out | 1.1bn BRL | to end of 2018 |
| Amount disbursed per the fund's home page Amazon Fund (BNDES) Amazon Fund (BNDES) | Paid out | $632m | undated |
| Donations received in 2023 United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland, United States Poder360 | Raised | 726m BRL | 2023 |
| Amount blocked by the suspension Amazon Fund (BNDES) Conectas | Budget | 3.3bn BRL | 2019–2022 |
What was measured
The mid-term evaluation was written by independent consultants coordinated by ECLAC but commissioned within the fund's evaluation programme; it found a contribution to reduced deforestation that it could not quantify at fund level and found that the fund did not alter the trend. The fund's own results page records the Legal Amazon deforestation indicator worsening between 2009 and 2020. The CAR-projects estimate of 8,244 km² avoided deforestation is a complementary study cited in the evaluation. The fund's own numbers (projects, organisations, areas supported) are not independent measurements.
Operation Ongoing · Donor payments halted in August 2019, court-ordered reactivation 3 November 2022, donations recorded to 30 May 2026. Amazon Fund (BNDES)
Findings on record
- Court or regulator ruling Supremo Tribunal Federal (Federal Supreme Court of Brazil) (2022-11-03) · ADO 59 (PSB et al. v. Brazil); ruling published 2023-08-16 Climate Change Litigation Databases
- Official audit Independent consultants coordinated by ECLAC, mid-term evaluation (2019-12) · Mid-Term Evaluation Report on the Effectiveness of the Amazon Fund 2008-2018: “without its implementation, deforestation would have been even more widespread” Amazon Fund (BNDES), independent consultants with technical coordination by ECLAC
- Official audit KfW (German development bank, donor), ex-post evaluation (2016) · KfW ex-post evaluation of the Amazon Fund (summary on the fund's evaluations page): “implements the elements of a REDD+ strategy effectively” Amazon Fund (BNDES)
- Official audit Norad Evaluation Department (AECOM), synthesis report 8/2017 (2017-10) · Norway's International Climate and Forest Initiative: Lessons learned and recommendations: “major factor in reducing deforestation rates (enforcement)” Norad Evaluation Department
Who gained
Reached nature or the ground
Gained elsewhere
Responses on record
- Government of Norway (August 2019; January 2023): Norway's Climate and Environment Minister said in August 2019 that Brazil had broken its agreement with Norway and Germany by dissolving the fund's board and technical committee; in January 2023 Norway's minister announced the fund's revival, saying "Brazil's new President has signaled a clear ambition to stop deforestation by 2030". · Al Jazeera
- Government of Germany (August 2019): Germany suspended 35 million euros for new Environment Ministry projects in August 2019, citing concerns over rising deforestation. · Al Jazeera
- Government of Brazil (2019 administration) (May 2019; August 2019): President Bolsonaro reacted to Norway's decision with "Isn't Norway that country that kills whales up there in the North Pole?"; the Environment Minister said in May 2019 that the ministry's analysis of about a quarter of the contracts found problems in NGO contracts and that the fund was not being questioned on deforestation results. · Jornal do Brasil
- Government of Brazil (federal government as defendant) (2020–2022): In ADO 59 the federal government argued that this type of action is not a proper tool for expressing disagreement with government policy. · Climate Change Litigation Databases
- BNDES (May 2019): No statement on the 2019 freeze is recorded in the Jornal do Brasil report, which carries no BNDES response; the fund's pages describe BNDES as the fund's manager. · Jornal do Brasil
In court and with insurers
Lawsuits and rulings
- 2020–2022Claimant wonADO 59 (PSB et al. v. Brazil), Direct Action of Unconstitutionality by Omission on the Amazon FundSupremo Tribunal Federal (Federal Supreme Court) · Administrative · Four political parties → Federal government (the Union)
The claim was partially granted by a majority following rapporteur Justice Rosa Weber. The court held that the federal government must take the measures needed to reactivate the fund within 60 days and refrain from conduct that would paralyse it, declared the decrees that altered the fund's governance and blocked financing of new projects unconstitutional, and noted an "unconstitutional state of affairs" in the Legal Amazon. The ruling was published on 16 August 2023. Conectas reported a majority formed on 27 October 2022 with Justice Kassio Nunes voting against. Climate Change Litigation Databases
Insurers
What nature saw
Nature's report opens this page. Below: further outcomes measured on the ground.
What we don't know
Nature
- Disputed What the fund has done for deforestation
Accounts
Record
- None on record None on record: findings of the fund's annual financial statements and compliance audit reports for 2010 to 2025; the audits page lists them without findings.
- Disputed Disputed: the total of Norway's donations. The donations page gives NOK 8,889,495,999.97 in its table and NOK 9,424,027,220.49 in its text; the Norad 2017 table gives NOK 8,229,480,000 disbursed to the fund by the end of 2016.
- Disputed Disputed: the amount held during the freeze. Conectas gave about R$ 1.5 billion blocked at the start and R$ 3.3 billion by the time of the ruling; Reuters gave about 3.4 billion reais in January 2023.
- Unclear Unclear: the date of the amount on the fund's home page (154 projects; 632 USD in millions disbursed); the page carries no as-of date.
- None on record None on record: an official finding on the 2019 allegations about NGO contracts; the ministry's analysis covered about a quarter of contracts, the entities analysed were not named, and the CGU said it had run no audit tests on them.
- Insufficient Insufficient: the mid-term evaluation covers 2008–2018; the sources reviewed do not include an independent evaluation of the fund after the 2023 restart.
Did the harm stop?
The fund's own results page records deforestation in the Legal Amazon in 2020 as 49% above the 2009 rate; Brazil's Environment Ministry said deforestation fell 49.9% in 2023 compared with 2022. The sources reviewed do not report a stopping point.
Who paid?
Donor governments and Petrobras paid in: Norway BRL 3,804,376,093.74, United Kingdom BRL 555,026,894.76, Germany BRL 387,859,396.00, United States BRL 291,382,003.20, Denmark BRL 84,741,838.56, Switzerland BRL 38,214,896.59, Ireland BRL 31,529,500.00, European Union BRL 30,510,045.00, Petrobras BRL 17,285,079.13 and Japan BRL 14,943,000.00 (nominal, as of 30 May 2026). The mid-term evaluation records that 3% of donations is intended for operating costs.
Sources
Government and regulators
- Amazon Fund: DonationsAmazon Fund (BNDES) · 2026-05-30
- Amazon Fund home page (Amazon Fund in Numbers)Amazon Fund (BNDES) · undated
- Amazon FundAmazon Fund (BNDES) · undated
- Amazon Fund: Independent evaluationsAmazon Fund (BNDES) · undated
- Amazon Fund: Results and impactsAmazon Fund (BNDES) · undated
- Amazon Fund in numbersAmazon Fund (BNDES) · undated
- Amazon Fund: AuditsAmazon Fund (BNDES) · undated
- Norway's International Climate and Forest Initiative: Lessons learned and recommendations, Evaluation Synthesis Report 8/2017 (AECOM, for Norad)Norad Evaluation Department · 2017-10
Press and investigations
- Bolsonaro angry as Norway stops funding Amazon protectionAl Jazeera · 2019-08-16
- Norway says fund to reduce Amazon deforestation in Brazil back in business (Reuters, via Zawya)Reuters via Zawya · 2023-01
- Fundo Amazônia recebeu 19% das doações anunciadas em 2023Poder360 · 2024-02-01
- Ministro diz que encontrou problemas em contratos de ONGs com Fundo AmazôniaJornal do Brasil · 2019-05-17
Communities and civil society
- Supreme Court forms majority to require federal government to reactivate Amazon FundConectas · 2022-10-28
Researchers
- PSB et al. v. Brazil (on Amazon Fund)Climate Change Litigation Databases · undated
International bodies
- Mid-Term Evaluation Report on the Effectiveness of the Amazon Fund 2008-2018 (consultants coordinated by ECLAC)Amazon Fund (BNDES), independent consultants with technical coordination by ECLAC · 2019-12
Connected cases
- Amazon Region Protected Areas programme (ARPA) and the ARPA for Life Transition Fund, Brazil Brazil · 2002–2026 Related matter
- Government of Brazil (Government) — here: Government that changed the fund's governance in 2019 and was ordered to reactivate it in 2022; there: Launched and coordinates the programme through the Ministry of Environment
- KfW (Bank) — here: German development bank; donor-side author of the 2016 ex-post evaluation; there: German development bank; donor and author of the 2017 ex-post evaluation
- Norway–Indonesia REDD+ partnership: the 2010 Letter of Intent, payments made and Indonesia's 2021 termination Indonesia · 2010–2022 Related matter
- Government of Norway (Government) — here: Largest donor; halted payments in 2019 and announced the fund's revival in 2023; there: Donor under the 2010 Letter of Intent; agreed the NOK 530 million payment
- Hill & Knowlton and Edelman: PR for fossil fuel clients and climate summits Egypt · 2005–2025
- Government of Brazil (Government) — here: Government that changed the fund's governance in 2019 and was ordered to reactivate it in 2022; there: host of the COP30 summit; awarded Edelman a contract
- Petrobras (Company) — here: Donor of BRL 17,285,079.13 (2011–2018); there: Edelman client, 2025
- Banc d'Arguin National Park, the BACoMaB trust fund and fishing pressure Mauritania · 2002–2025
- KfW (Bank) — here: German development bank; donor-side author of the 2016 ex-post evaluation; there: Funder; 47% of BACoMaB capital in the 2021 evaluation
- Bolsa Verde (Brazil): quarterly payments to families for forest conservation, 2011–2016 and the 2023 relaunch Brazil · 2011–2026
- Government of Brazil (Government) — here: Government that changed the fund's governance in 2019 and was ordered to reactivate it in 2022; there: Funds and runs the programme through the Ministry of Environment
- Brazil removes space research chief after Amazon deforestation alerts Brazil · 2019
- Government of Brazil (Government) — here: Government that changed the fund's governance in 2019 and was ordered to reactivate it in 2022; there: removed the INPE director
- Brazil Senate passes amendment limiting Indigenous land claims to 1988 occupants Brazil · 2023
- Brazil Supreme Court (STF) (Court) — here: Decided ADO 59 on 3 November 2022; there: Found the time limit unconstitutional
- Costa Rica payments for ecosystem services and forest recovery Costa Rica · 1997
- Government of Norway (Government) — here: Largest donor; halted payments in 2019 and announced the fund's revival in 2023; there: Paid USD 2 million for the only carbon sale recorded
- England Biodiversity Net Gain market and Natural England statutory credits United Kingdom · 2024–2026
- Government of the United Kingdom (Government) — here: Donor of GBP 80,000,000 contracted, received by May 2026; there: Sets the rule and the credit prices
- EU taxonomy hydropower exemption and California large hydro exclusion European Union / United States · 2002–2021
- Government of Norway (Government) — here: Largest donor; halted payments in 2019 and announced the fund's revival in 2023; there: Government that supported the exemption
- Fosen wind farm and Sámi reindeer herders Norway · 2016–2024
- Government of Norway (Government) — here: Largest donor; halted payments in 2019 and announced the fund's revival in 2023; there: Government
- Foz do Amazonas drilling licence Brazil · 2023–2026
- Petrobras (Company) — here: Donor of BRL 17,285,079.13 (2011–2018); there: Applicant and licence holder; Brazilian state oil company
- Germany agreed €2.6bn and €1.75bn coal exit payments to RWE and LEAG Germany · 2019–2023
- Government of Germany (Government) — here: Donor; suspended EUR 35 million for new projects in 2019; there: agreed to pay the compensation
- Germany pays 317 million euros in premiums to 11 coal plants, including Moorburg Germany · 2015–2020
- Government of Germany (Government) — here: Donor; suspended EUR 35 million for new projects in 2019; there: Government that paid the closure premiums
- Herencia Colombia (Heritage Colombia): Project Finance for Permanence for protected areas, 2022 Colombia · 2022–2026
- KfW (Bank) — here: German development bank; donor-side author of the 2016 ex-post evaluation; there: Donor named by the Ministry
- Hyphen green hydrogen project (Namibia) Namibia · 2020–2026
- Government of Germany (Government) — here: Donor; suspended EUR 35 million for new projects in 2019; there: Declared Hyphen a strategic foreign project in 2024
- Kahuzi-Biega National Park: Batwa evictions and killings DR Congo · 1975–2024
- KfW (Bank) — here: German development bank; donor-side author of the 2016 ex-post evaluation; there: Funder (since 2008)
- Legacy Landscapes Fund: long-term funding for protected areas, launched by Germany in 2020–2021 Germany · 2020–2026
- KfW (Bank) — here: German development bank; donor-side author of the 2016 ex-post evaluation; there: Reported the first site approvals; development bank acting for BMZ
- Namibia landed thousands of tonnes of pilchard as bycatch under moratorium Namibia · 1994–2024
- Government of Norway (Government) — here: Largest donor; halted payments in 2019 and announced the fund's revival in 2023; there: Ran a 2024 independent biomass study
- Nauru and Banaba phosphate mining compensation Nauru · 1920–1993
- Government of the United Kingdom (Government) — here: Donor of GBP 80,000,000 contracted, received by May 2026; there: Gave A$10 million together with New Zealand
- Nornickel Sulphur Programme: SO2 targets, spending and measured emissions at Norilsk and Kola Russia · 2015–2026
- Government of Norway (Government) — here: Largest donor; halted payments in 2019 and announced the fund's revival in 2023; there: Reported to have granted NOK 300 million in the early 1990s to reduce Nikel emissions
- Norway postpones deep-sea mining licensing to 2029 in budget deal Norway · 2025–2029
- Government of Norway (Government) — here: Largest donor; halted payments in 2019 and announced the fund's revival in 2023; there: Government that postponed the licensing
- Olkaria geothermal projects (Kenya) Kenya · 2013–2017
- KfW (Bank) — here: German development bank; donor-side author of the 2016 ex-post evaluation; there: Financier
- Only Ghana has an announced Global Shield guarantee as 17 countries wait Global · 2022
- Government of Germany (Government) — here: Donor; suspended EUR 35 million for new projects in 2019; there: Contributor (about 170 million euros)
- Oyu Tolgoi copper-gold mine: Gobi water, Undai River diversion, herder complaints and project finance Mongolia · 2004–2025
- KfW (Bank) — here: German development bank; donor-side author of the 2016 ex-post evaluation; there: Commercial lender (KfW IPEX-Bank, 2015 release)
- Petrobras sponsorship of Projeto TAMAR, Brazil, 1982–2021 Brazil · 1982–2021
- Petrobras (Company) — here: Donor of BRL 17,285,079.13 (2011–2018); there: Sponsor of the Fundação Pró-Tamar from 1982; announced the end of the partnership on 6 September 2021
- Poland takes Germany to EU court over 35,000 tonnes of waste it calls illegal Poland · 2023–2024
- Government of Germany (Government) — here: Donor; suspended EUR 35 million for new projects in 2019; there: defendant
- Rio Grande do Sul flood claims paid reach R$6 billion as farm insurance subsidy is cut Brazil · 2024–2025
- Government of Brazil (Government) — here: Government that changed the fund's governance in 2019 and was ordered to reactivate it in 2022; there: Blocked the premium subsidy for 2025
- Salonga National Park ranger abuses (DR Congo) DR Congo · 2002–2020
- KfW (Bank) — here: German development bank; donor-side author of the 2016 ex-post evaluation; there: German development bank; funder of Salonga
- Socio Bosque programme, Ecuador: payments for forest conservation since 2008 Ecuador · 2008–2026
- KfW (Bank) — here: German development bank; donor-side author of the 2016 ex-post evaluation; there: Contributed US$11.5 million through the FAN (Ministry figure reported by El Comercio)
- Tropical Forest Forever Facility Brazil · 2025
- Government of Norway (Government) — here: Largest donor; halted payments in 2019 and announced the fund's revival in 2023; there: Pledged about 3 billion dollars (part conditional)
- UK agreed £21.7bn over 25 years for two CCS clusters United Kingdom · 2024
- Government of the United Kingdom (Government) — here: Donor of GBP 80,000,000 contracted, received by May 2026; there: agreed the 25-year support
- UK Green Homes Grant: National Audit Office findings United Kingdom · 2021
- Government of the United Kingdom (Government) — here: Donor of GBP 80,000,000 contracted, received by May 2026; there: Programme examined in the audit
- World Bank-backed dams displaced people, and reviews found incomes often not restored Global · 1985–2018
- Government of Brazil (Government) — here: Government that changed the fund's governance in 2019 and was ordered to reactivate it in 2022; there: Host government for the Itaparica and Sobradinho dams
- WWF-funded ranger units accused of torture and killings in Asia and Africa Multiple countries · 2006–2023
- KfW (Bank) — here: German development bank; donor-side author of the 2016 ex-post evaluation; there: Funder of Kahuzi-Biega park, per the Minority Rights Group report