Who gains from saving nature
Ledger 1 : 33 — For each dollar financing nature-based solutions in 2023, about $33 financed activities harmful to nature. (UNEP)
Actors / Company · United States

Exxon Corporation (ExxonMobil from 1999)

Appears in 11 cases in this database. Roles as given in the documented record.

CaseRoleCountryPeriodInstrument
Exxon Valdez: the spill, insurance and court casesTanker owner's parent; pleaded guilty; paid $900m civil damages and $507.5m punitive damagesUnited States1989–2015Oil spill
McKinsey advice to COP28 presidency and fossil clientsMcKinsey client; subject of the Massachusetts document orderUnited Arab Emirates2011–2025Carbon credits
Alliance to End Plastic Waste and Renew Oceans (Ganges)Founding member; named among five members compared by UnearthedIndia2019–2026Plastic waste and recycling claims
Satartia CO2 pipeline rupture (Mississippi)Acquired Denbury in 2023United States2020–2025Pipeline
Groningen gas fieldClaimant in arbitration against the Netherlands (ExxonMobil)Netherlandsdate not statedOil, gas and coal operations
Dark Basin hacking of climate groups (#ExxonKnew)Company that denied knowledgeUnited States2023Killings and repression of defenders
California v. ExxonMobil: plastics recycling claims and the Baytown plantOperator of the Baytown advanced recycling plant; defendant in the California case; claimant in the defamation suitUnited States2021–2026Plastic waste and recycling claims
Plastic recycling symbol, resin codes and “advanced recycling” claims (United States)Defendant in California's suit; operator of the Baytown facility; claimant in the defamation suitUnited States1970–2026Plastic waste and recycling claims
BP's Gulf spill used Corexit; Nalco board had ex-BP and Exxon executivesCompany whose former executives sat on Nalco's boardUnited Statesdate not statedOil, gas and coal operations
US budget law cuts fossil fuel royalties and sets 4 million coal acres for leasingNamed inauguration-fund donorUnited States2025Oil, gas and coal operations
Producers funded 90% of EDF's 2013 methane study, HPPR reportedProducer funder of the studyUnited States2013Water use

Law and courts

Arbitration
A private dispute process in which an appointed arbitrator, instead of a court, decides the case.
Plea
In a criminal case, the defendant's formal answer to a charge. A plea agreement settles a case with a guilty plea on agreed terms.
Punitive damages
Money a court orders a defendant to pay to punish especially reckless conduct, on top of compensation for losses. Mainly used in US courts.

Carbon and conservation finance

Carbon credit
A certificate representing one tonne of carbon dioxide (or equivalent) that a project says it reduced, avoided or removed. Buyers use credits to balance their own emissions in climate claims.