Who gains from saving nature
Ledger 1 : 33 — For each dollar financing nature-based solutions in 2023, about $33 financed activities harmful to nature. (UNEP)
Actors / Public authority · United States

US Government Accountability Office (GAO)

Appears in 6 cases in this database. Roles as given in the documented record.

CaseRoleCountryPeriodInstrument
Asbestos 524(g) bankruptcy trusts and J&J talc two-stepSource of the 2011 asbestos trust dataUnited States1988Liability shifting (spin-offs, bankruptcy, closure bonds)
US tax deductibility of environmental settlements (IRC 162(f))Auditor of the settlement sample (GAO-05-747)United States2017Liability shifting (spin-offs, bankruptcy, closure bonds)
Peabody, Patriot Coal and coal self-bondingUS government auditor that recommended ending self-bondingUnited States2007–2020Liability shifting (spin-offs, bankruptcy, closure bonds)
Fieldwood bankruptcy and US offshore decommissioningAuditor; estimated liabilitiesUnited States2024Liability shifting (spin-offs, bankruptcy, closure bonds)
US Defense Department PFAS costs top USD 9.3 billion at 718 installationsPublished the PFAS cost reportUnited States2022–2025Chemical pollution
PG&E wildfire settlement, tax deduction and Fire Victim TrustReviewer of tax treatment of settlements (2005)United States2018–2025Liability shifting (spin-offs, bankruptcy, closure bonds)

Bonds and banking

Liquidation, insolvency, bankruptcy
Legal processes that apply when a company cannot pay its debts; its assets are sold and claims against it may go unpaid.

Science and environment

PFOA (C8) and PFAS
PFAS are a large family of human-made chemicals that persist in the environment and the body; PFOA, also called C8, is one of them and was used to make Teflon.