ESG / sustainable fund
3 cases in 6 countries, 2004–2018. Most cases: United States (2), EU (1), Australia (1), Brazil (1), United Kingdom (1).
Sustainable-labelled funds: assets, renaming under the EU fund-name rules, fees and impact studies
Funds with an environmental, sustainability or impact claim held USD 3.901 trillion at the end of 2025, according to Morningstar. After the EU fund-name guidelines, 65% of funds named in the 25 largest EU managers' notices changed name, ESMA reported, and peer-reviewed studies found little effect of such funds on company behaviour.
Vale Florestar, the Carajás railway and Piquiá de Baixo, Brazil
Vale's Vale Florestar programme planted eucalyptus and native species in Pará and became a R$605 million investment fund in 2010, whose quotas Suzano bought in 2014 for R$528,940,906.15. Beside the railway that carries Vale's iron ore, residents of Piquiá de Baixo reported decades of pollution from pig-iron plants; no court has ruled on liability, and 312 houses were handed over at a new site in 2024.
Generation Investment Management: fees, partners' profit and Foundation grants
Generation Investment Management, the London asset manager co-founded by Al Gore and David Blood in 2004, divided £431.688 million of profit among its members in 2021 and £83.967 million in 2025. Its Foundation, funded by partners, made most of its grants to finance, disclosure and policy bodies; the sources reviewed record no regulator or court finding against the firm.
Carbon and conservation finance
- ESG
- Environmental, social and governance criteria that investors and insurers use to screen companies and projects.